Equivalent circuit model for Li-ion cells

The equivalent circuit model (ECM) is a common lumped-element model for Lithium-ion battery cells. The ECM simulates the terminal voltage dynamics of a Li-ion cell through an equivalent electrical network composed of passive elements, such as resistors and capacitors, and a voltage generator. The ECM is semi-mechanical and semi-empirical model. It is widely employed in several application fields, including computerized simulation, because of its simplicity, reliability, its low computational demand, its ease of characterization and implementation, and its structural flexibility. These features make the ECM suitable for real-time Battery Management System (BMS) tasks like State of Charge (SoC) estimation, State of Health (SoH) monitoring and battery thermal management.