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Climate · 100% renewable energy is the goal of using fully renewable resources for all electric energy consumption. 100% renewable energy for electricity, heating, cooling and transport is motivated by greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and other environmental issues, as well as economic and energy security concerns. Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system, since most of today's energy is derived from non-renewable fossil fuels.
Climate · The 15-minute city is an urban planning concept in which most daily necessities and services – such as work, shopping, education, healthcare and leisure – can be easily reached by a 15-minute walk, bike ride, or public transit ride from any point in the city. This approach aims to reduce car dependency, promote healthy and sustainable living, and improve wellbeing and quality of life for city dwellers.
Battery · An 18650 battery or 1865 cell is a cylindrical battery size common in electronic devices. The batteries measure 18 mm (0.71 in) in diameter by 65.0 mm (2.56 in) in length, giving them the name 18650. The battery comes in many nominal voltages depending on the specific chemistry used.
Battery · In 2013, the second year of service for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, a widebody jet airliner, several of the aircraft suffered from electrical system problems stemming from its lithium-ion batteries. Incidents included two electrical fires, one aboard an All Nippon Airways 787 and another on a Japan Airlines 787; the second fire was found by maintenance workers while the aircraft was parked at Boston's Logan International Airport. The United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ordered a review of the design and manufacture of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and grounded the entire Boeing 787 fleet, the first such grounding since that of the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 in 1979. The plane has had two major battery thermal runaway events in 52,000 flight hours, neither of which were contained safely; this length of time between failures was substantially less than the 10 million flight hours predicted by Boeing.
Climate · 30 by 30 is a global initiative for governments to designate 30% of Earth's land and ocean area as protected areas by 2030. The target was proposed by a 2019 article in Science Advances, "A Global Deal for Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets", highlighting the need for expanded nature conservation efforts to mitigate climate change. Launched by the High Ambition Coalition in 2020, more than 50 nations had agreed to the initiative by January 2021, which had increased to more than 100 countries by October 2022.
EV · A2B is a brand of electric bicycles owned by Hero Eco Group. They have offices in the United Kingdom and the United States. Established in 2008, A2B designs and manufactures bespoke internal motor systems, and is a creator of eBikes. Their German design team has developed a range of 11 electric bike models. Primarily for urban/commuting users, their motors range from 250w up to 500w in capacities.
Solar · An absorption heat pump (AHP) is a heat pump driven by thermal energy such as combustion of natural gas, steam solar-heated water, air, or geothermally heated water, unlike a compression heat pump, which is driven by mechanical energy. AHPs are more complex and require larger units than compression heat pumps. In particular, the electricity demand of such heat pumps is only for pumping liquid and often powering fans, so is much lower than that of compression heat pumps. AHPs' applications are restricted to those cases when electricity is extremely expensive or a large amount of unutilized heat at suitable temperatures is available and when the cooling or heating output has a greater value than heat input consumed. Absorption refrigerators work on the same principle, but are not reversible and cannot serve as a heat source.
Solar · Acceptance angle is the maximum angle at which incoming sunlight can be captured by a solar concentrator. Its value depends on the concentration of the optic and the refractive index in which the receiver is immersed. Maximizing the acceptance angle of a concentrator is desirable in practical systems and it may be achieved by using nonimaging optics.
Battery · An accumulator is an energy storage device: a device which accepts energy, stores energy, and releases energy as needed. Some accumulators accept energy at a low rate over a long time interval and deliver the energy at a high rate over a short time interval. Some accumulators accept energy at a high rate over a short time interval and deliver the energy at a low rate over a longer time interval. Some accumulators typically accept and release energy at comparable rates. Various devices can store thermal energy, mechanical energy, and electrical energy. Energy is usually accepted and delivered in the same form. Some devices store a different form of energy than what they receive and deliver performing energy conversion on the way in and on the way out.
Climate · Active mobility, soft mobility, active travel, active transport or active transportation is the transport of people or goods, through non-motorized means, based around human physical activity. The best-known forms of active mobility are walking and cycling, though other modes include running, rowing, skateboarding, kick scooters and roller skates. Due to its prevalence, cycling is sometimes considered separately from the other forms of active mobility.
EV · Acumulador de Carga Rápida (ACR) is an electric tram system powered by onboard supercapacitors marketed by Spanish manufacturer Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF). Trams equipped with ACR are fast-charged while at stops; elsewhere they require no overhead line, which is desirable for reasons of safety, reliability, cost, and aesthetics. It also allows regenerative braking where direct current electrification systems cannot return (much) energy to the grid.
Hydrogen · Addison Bain was an American NASA scientist and founding member of the National Hydrogen Association who is credited with postulating the Incendiary Paint Theory (IPT), which posits that the Hindenburg disaster was caused by the electrical ignition of lacquer- and metal-based paints used on the outer hull of the airship. Thus Bain believes that the hydrogen in the airship had no part to play in the initiation of the disaster. This theory, which was proposed in 1997 and recently updated in his 2004 book, The Freedom Element: Living with Hydrogen, has been generally accepted by people interested in promoting hydrogen as a transportation fuel, and generally rejected by people involved with airships and their history.
Climate · Aditya is a solar-powered ferry operating between Vaikom and Thavanakkadavu in the Indian state of Kerala. The boat was inaugurated by Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan and Union Minister for Power and Renewable Energy Piyush Goyal on 12 January 2017 at 5 pm.
Battery · Advanced Battery Technologies Inc was a publicly traded NASDAQ company with executive offices in Harbin, China, and Flushing, New York, with three other manufacturing campuses in mainland China that specialized in the development and manufacturing/assembly of rechargeable polymer lithium-ion (PLI) batteries and electric vehicles, electric bikes and electric scooters.
Wind · Aeolian sound or Aeolian tone is sound that is produced by wind when it passes over or through objects.
Climate · The Africa Renewable Energy Initiative (AREI) is an African initiative to increase the use of renewable energy on the continent.
Climate · The Agency for Renewable Resources, was founded in 1993 as a government initiative intended to support research and development in the area of renewable resources. As a project managing organisation, the FNR answers to the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture. In May 2015, the BMEL announced the new 'Renewable Resources' funding programme. The Agency for Renewable Resources (FNR) has been entrusted with managing the programme. Currently, around 600 projects with a budget of 193 million euro are being funded by the FNR.
Climate · Air travel demand mitigation or aviation demand reduction or air travel demand reduction is a part of transportation demand management and climate change mitigation.
EV · The AITO M5 is a compact luxury SUV produced by Seres under the AITO brand in collaboration with Huawei from 2022. The model is the first product of HIMA and the AITO brand, and slots under the later AITO M7. The M5 is available in two powertrain options, range extender electric (EREV) and battery electric (EV).
EV · The AITO M6 is a battery electric and range-extended mid-size luxury SUV produced by Seres Auto and sold under the AITO brand that is run in collaboration with HIMA, Huawei's multi-brand automotive alliance and sales network.
EV · The AITO M7 is a full-size luxury SUV produced by Seres under the AITO brand in collaboration with Huawei from 2022. It is positioned between the AITO M6 and the AITO M8 SUVs. Since 2023, the M7 is included in the Harmony Intelligent Mobility Alliance (HIMA), a multi-brand collaboration model with Huawei.
EV · The AITO M8 is a full-size luxury SUV manufactured by Seres under the AITO brand in collaboration with HIMA, Huawei's multi-brand automotive alliance. The M8 is available in two powertrains, range extender electric (EREV) and battery electric (EV).
EV · The AITO M9 is a battery electric and range-extended full-size luxury SUV manufactured by Seres under the AITO brand in collaboration with HIMA, Huawei's multi-brand automotive alliance and sales network, since 2023. It is currently the largest and most expensive vehicle from the brand. A second generation M9 was announced in 2026.
EV · Alef Aeronautics is an automotive and aviation company based in the United States. Since 2015, it has been developing and promoting a proposed flying car intended to take off vertically and tilt sideways to fly like a biplane.
EV · The Alfa Romeo Tonale is a compact luxury crossover produced by the Italian company Alfa Romeo since February 2022. Being a five-seater compact luxury crossover SUV, it slots above the Alfa Romeo Junior and below the Alfa Romeo Stelvio in the marque's crossover SUV range. Known internally as the 965, the Tonale is the first hybrid-powered Alfa Romeo and became the first new model introduced by the brand in six years. It is named after the Tonale mountain pass in Northern Italy.
Climate · An algae bioreactor is used for cultivating micro or macroalgae. Algae may be cultivated for the purposes of biomass production (as in a seaweed cultivator), wastewater treatment, CO2 fixation, or aquarium/pond filtration in the form of an algae scrubber. Algae bioreactors vary widely in design, falling broadly into two categories: open reactors and enclosed reactors. Open reactors are exposed to the atmosphere while enclosed reactors, also commonly called photobioreactors, are isolated to varying extents from the atmosphere. Specifically, algae bioreactors can be used to produce fuels such as biodiesel and bioethanol, to generate animal feed, or to reduce pollutants such as NOx and CO2 in flue gases of power plants. Fundamentally, this kind of bioreactor is based on the photosynthetic reaction, which is performed by the chlorophyll-containing algae itself using dissolved carbon dioxide and sunlight. The carbon dioxide is dispersed into the reactor fluid to make it accessible to the algae. The bioreactor has to be made out of transparent material.
Climate · Algae fuel, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an alternative to liquid fossil fuels that use algae as the source of energy-rich oils. Also, algae fuels are an alternative to commonly known biofuel sources, such as corn and sugarcane. When made from seaweed (macroalgae) it can be known as seaweed fuel or seaweed oil. These fuels have no practical significance but remain an aspirational target in the biofuels research area.
Hydrogen · Alkaline sulfur liquid battery is a single liquid flow battery which consists of only one rechargeable liquid and a technology which can be used for grid storage.
Hydrogen · An alkaline anion-exchange membrane fuel cell (AAEMFC), also known as anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), alkaline membrane fuel cells (AMFCs), hydroxide-exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs), or solid alkaline fuel cells (SAFCs) is a type of alkaline fuel cell that uses an anion-exchange membrane to separate the anode and cathode compartments.
Hydrogen · The alkaline fuel cell (AFC), also known as the Bacon fuel cell after its British inventor, Francis Thomas Bacon, is one of the most developed fuel cell technologies. Alkaline fuel cells consume hydrogen and pure oxygen, to produce potable water, heat, and electricity. They are among the most efficient fuel cells, having the potential to reach 70%.
Climate · The Allam Cycle or Allam-Fetvedt Cycle is a process for converting carbonaceous fuels into thermal energy, while capturing the generated carbon dioxide and water.
Charging · Allego is the operator of a fast charging network for electric cars based in the Netherlands.
EV · All-electric range (AER) is the maximum driving range of an electric vehicle using only power from its on-board battery pack to traverse a given driving cycle. In the case of a Battery electric vehicle (BEV), it means the maximum range per recharge, typically between 240 and 640 km. For a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), it means the maximum range in charge-depleting mode, typically between 30 and 65 km. PHEVs can travel considerably further in charge-sustaining mode which utilizes both fuel combustion and the on-board battery pack like a conventional hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
Hydrogen · Alset Global GmbH is an Austrian technology and engineering company based in Graz that specialises in hydrogen-based clean mobility products. Alset Global is known for developing a Hybrid Hydrogen internal combustion engine that can run on either pure petrol, pure hydrogen or a combination of both. This technology offers a sustainable and clean alternative to petrol-based internal combustion engines. The technology has been developed to create an alternative technology to meet new emission target levels. Alset Global also specialises in hydrogen system integration, hydrogen gas storage, and software development.
Climate · Established alternatives to car use are usually used to refer to transportation options that can improve health through increased physical activity, reduced pollution, less resource use and emissions, reduced congestion, less wasted time and money, as well as creating more livable and equitable communities by fostering social inclusion and reallocating space from parking and roads to other uses. Common alternatives include cycling, walking, kick scooters, rollerblading, skateboarding, twikes and motorcycles. Other alternatives are public transport vehicles.
EV · The Altoona Works BP4 is a 1,500 hp (1,120 kW) B-B battery-electric locomotive rebuilt by the Altoona Works of the Norfolk Southern Railway. It was created in 2007 by replacing the diesel prime mover of an EMD GP38 with 1,080 12-volt lead-acid batteries and associated control equipment. The converted locomotive was redesignated Norfolk Southern #999.
Solar · The American Solar Challenge (ASC), previously known as the North American Solar Challenge and Sunrayce, is a solar car race across the United States. In the race, teams from colleges and universities throughout North America design, build, test, and race solar-powered vehicles in a long distance road rally-style event. ASC is a test of teamwork, engineering skill, and endurance that stretches across thousands of miles of public roads.
Climate · Amine gas treating, also known as amine scrubbing, gas sweetening and acid gas removal, refers to a group of processes that use aqueous solutions of various alkylamines (commonly referred to simply as amines) to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from gases. It is a common unit process used in refineries, and is also used in petrochemical plants, natural gas processing plants and other industries.
Battery · Ampd Energy is a company in the energy industry, which designs and manufactures energy storage systems (ESS). It is a member of the Incu-Tech Programme, a Hong Kong Government and HK Science and Technology Park initiative.
Wind · In meteorology, an anemometer is a device that measures wind speed and direction. It is a common instrument used in weather stations. The earliest known description of an anemometer was by Italian architect and author Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) in 1450.
Hydrogen · Anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis is the electrolysis of water that utilises a semipermeable membrane that conducts hydroxide ions (OH−) called an anion exchange membrane. Like a proton-exchange membrane (PEM), the membrane separates the products, provides electrical insulation between electrodes, and conducts ions. Unlike PEM, AEM conducts hydroxide ions. AEM electrolysis is still in the early research and development stage, while alkaline water electrolysis is mature and PEM electrolysis is in the commercial stage. There is less academic literature on pure-water fed AEM electrolysers compared to the usage of KOH solution. One advantage of AEM water electrolysis is that a high-cost noble metal catalyst is not required, low-cost transition metal catalyst can be used instead. AEM electrolysis is similar to alkaline water electrolysis, which uses a non-ion-selective separator instead of an anion-exchange membrane.
Hydrogen · An anion exchange membrane (AEM) is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct anions but reject gases such as oxygen or hydrogen.
Battery · An anode-free battery (AFB) is one that is manufactured without an anode and instead creates a metal anode the first time it is charged. The anode is formed from charge carriers supplied by the cathode. As such, before charging, the battery consists of a cathode, current collectors, separator and electrolyte.
EV · Aptera is a prototype two-seat three-wheeler electric solar vehicle. Other versions of the vehicle have been under development since 2006, and as of 2026 it is being developed by Aptera Motors. The design has an aerodynamic shape and uses lightweight carbon fiber and fiberglass composite materials, and built-in solar cells to extend its range by up to 64 km (40 mi) per day. While early prototypes featured in-wheel motors, the current design has a single standard front-wheel drive motor.
Battery · An aqueous lithium-ion battery is a lithium-ion battery (Li-ion) that uses a concentrated saline solution as an electrolyte to facilitate the transfer of lithium ions between electrodes and induce an electrical current. In contrast to non-aqueous lithium-ion batteries, aqueous Li-ion batteries are nonflammable and do not pose any significant risks of explosion, because of the water-based nature of their electrolyte. They also lack the poisonous chemicals and environmental risks associated with their non-aqueous counterparts.
Battery · Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) is the storage and recovery of thermal energy in subsurface aquifers. ATES can heat and cool buildings. Storage and recovery is achieved by extraction and injection of groundwater using wells. Systems commonly operate in seasonal modes. Groundwater that is extracted in summer performs cooling by transferring heat from the building to the water by means of a heat exchanger. The heated groundwater is reinjected into the aquifer, which stores the heated water. In wintertime, the flow is reversed — heated groundwater is extracted.
EV · The Arcfox Wendao V9 is a range-extended full-size minivan produced by the BAIC Group under the Arcfox brand.
EV · The Arcfox αS5 is a battery electric and range extender mid-size sedan manufactured by BAIC under the Arcfox brand.
EV · The Arcfox αT5 is a battery electric and range extender compact crossover SUV manufactured by BAIC under the Arcfox brand.
Climate · The Army Energy Initiatives Task Force (EITF) serves as the central management office for partnering with United States Army installations to implement cost-effective, large-scale renewable energy projects, leveraging private sector financing" part of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations, Energy and Environment. The Secretary of the Army John M. McHugh established the task force on Sept. 15, 2011.
Climate · The Asilomar International Conference on Climate Intervention Technologies was a conference developed by Margaret Leinen of the Climate Response Fund and chaired by Michael MacCracken of the Climate Institute. The conference took place in March 2010 and the recommendations were published in November 2010. The goal was to identify and minimize the risks involved with climate engineering, and was based on the 1975 Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA which discussed the potential biohazards and regulation of biotechnology. A group of over 150 scientist and engineers gathered together with lawyers, environmentalists and disaster relief workers in an open meeting to avoid accusations of conspiracy during this discussion. The Asilomar Conference focused exclusively on the development of risk reduction guidelines for climate intervention experiments.
EV · The Aston Martin Valhalla is a sports car developed by British manufacturer Aston Martin in collaboration with Red Bull Racing. The mid-engined car has a plug-in hybrid powertrain and is meant to sit below the flagship Valkyrie track-focused sports car and is intended to be more usable as an everyday car.
Wind · Atlantic Array was a proposed offshore wind farm in the Bristol Channel, off the coast of North Devon and South Wales, United Kingdom. It was a development by RWE Npower Renewables. With a planned 1.2 gigawatt capacity, it would have been one of the world's largest offshore wind farms. The project was cancelled in November 2013.
EV · The Audi A1 is a luxury supermini car launched by Audi at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show. Sales of the initial three-door A1 model started in Germany in August 2010, with the United Kingdom following in November 2010. The five-door model marketed as the Sportback was launched in November 2011, with sales starting in export markets during early 2012. The second generation was released in 2019; the three-door hatchback model was discontinued in 2018 along with the first generation.
EV · The Audi A3 is a small family car (C-segment) manufactured and marketed by the German automaker Audi AG since September 1996.
EV · The Audi A6 is an executive car manufactured by the German company Audi since 1994. Now in its sixth generation, the successor to the Audi 100 is manufactured in Neckarsulm, Germany, and is available in saloon and estate configurations, the latter marketed by Audi as the Avant. Audi's internal numbering treats the A6 as a continuation of the Audi 100 lineage, with the initial A6 designated as a member of the C4-series, followed by the C5, C6, C7, C8 and the C9. The related Audi A7 is essentially a Sportback (liftback) version of the C7-series and C8-series A6 but is marketed under its own separate identity and model designation.
EV · The Audi A6 e‑tron is a battery electric executive car made by German company Audi and was revealed on 31 July 2024.
EV · The Audi A7 is an executive five-door liftback produced by Audi since 2010. The coupé variant of the Audi A6 saloon/estate, the Audi A7 features a sloping roofline with a steeply raked rear window and integrated boot lid, and four frameless doors. A sport version called the S7 has been made since 2012, and a high-performance model called the RS 7 has been in production since 2013. An extended-wheelbase three-box, four-door saloon derivative called the A7L has been produced in China since 2021.
EV · The Audi A8 is a full-size luxury sedan manufactured and marketed by the German automaker Audi since 1994. Succeeding the Audi V8, and currently in its fourth generation, the A8 has been offered with either front- or permanent all-wheel drive and in short- and long-wheelbase variants. The first two generations employed the Volkswagen Group D platform, with the current generation deriving from the MLB platform. After the original model's 1994 release, Audi released the second generation in late 2002, the third in late 2009, and the fourth and current iteration in 2017. Noted as the first mass-market car with an aluminium chassis, all A8 models have used this construction method co-developed with Alcoa and marketed as the Audi Space Frame.
EV · The AUDI E7X is a battery electric and range-extended full-size crossover SUV produced by the SAIC-Volkswagen joint venture and sold under the China-only AUDI marque that is owned by Audi. It is the second model to be co-developed by SAIC Motor and Audi.
EV · The Audi e-tron is a series of electric and hybrid cars shown by Audi from 2009 onwards. In 2012 Audi unveiled a plug-in hybrid version, the A3 Sportback e-tron, released to retail customers in Europe in August 2014, and slated for the U.S. in 2015. A decade after the unveiling of the first e-tron concept at the 2009 International Motor Show Germany, Audi's first fully electric e-tron SUV went into production in 2019.
EV · The Audi Nuvolari is a forthcoming mid-engine plug-in hybrid sports car to be manufactured by German automobile company, Audi. The Nuvolari is intended as Audi's fastest and most powerful production vehicle in its history.
EV · The Audi Q5 is a series of compact luxury crossover SUVs produced by the German luxury car manufacturer Audi from 2008. The original first-generation model was the third member of the B8 family to be released after the Audi A5 and fourth-generation A4, all being based on the Audi MLB platform. The second generation Q5 debuted in 2018 and shares the Audi MLB Evo platform with the corresponding B9 versions of the A4 and A5.
EV · The Audi Q7 is a full-size luxury crossover SUV made by the German manufacturer Audi, unveiled in September 2005 at the Frankfurt Motor Show. Production of this seven-seater SUV began in November 2005 at the Volkswagen Bratislava Plant in Bratislava, Slovakia.
EV · The Audi Q8 is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV made by Audi that was launched in 2018. It is being produced at the Volkswagen Bratislava Plant.
EV · The Audi R8 is the second generation of the R8 sports car manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Audi. The Type 4S is based on the Lamborghini Huracán and shares its platform and engine. The Type 4S was introduced at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show and its production began in late 2014.
EV · Aurora Innovation, Inc., doing business as Aurora, is a self-driving vehicle technology company based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Aurora has developed the Aurora Driver, a computer system that can be integrated into cars for autonomous driving. It was co-founded by Chris Urmson, the former chief technology officer of Google/Alphabet Inc.'s self-driving team, which became known as Waymo, as well as by Sterling Anderson, former head of Tesla Autopilot, and Drew Bagnell, former head of Uber's autonomy and perception team.
Charging · Autel Intelligent Technology (AIT) is a Chinese electric vehicle technology company. It specializes in the R&D, production, sales, and service of smart charging systems, automotive advanced diagnostic, detection and testing systems, and electronic components.
EV · The Red Bug, later marketed as the Auto Red Bug were a vintage era cyclecar automobile manufactured by the Automotive Electric Service Corp. of North Bergen, New Jersey from 1924 to 1930. It is considered an early version of a microcar.
Battery · An automotive battery, or car battery, is a rechargeable battery that is used to start a motor vehicle, and to power lights, screen wiper etc. while the engine is off.
Battery · Automotive Energy Supply Corporation (AESC) is a manufacturer of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles. It was established in 2007 by then-Nissan executive Andy Palmer as a joint venture between Nissan and Tokin Corporation. China's Envision became a joint venture partner in 2018.
EV · Avcon Corporation was a company that manufactured charging interfaces for early battery electric vehicles (BEV). The lettering convention is Avcon for the company and AVCON (capitals) for the EV charging connector. The company ceased operation in 2007. The AVCON coupler was retired the following year.
Climate · Avy B.V. is a Dutch technology company that develops and operates drones and aerial networks for long-range missions. Avy's B.V.'s drones can take off and land vertically like a helicopter and fly longer distances than a quadcopter because of their fixed-wing configuration. Its second drone, the Avy Aera, is a VTOL fixed-wing drone and was released at Amsterdam Drone Week in 2019.
EV · The Azure Dynamics Transit Connect Electric is an all-electric van developed as a collaboration between Azure Dynamics and Ford Motor Company, but Azure was the official manufacturer of record. Due to financial difficulties, production of the electric van was stopped in March 2012, as the company filed for bankruptcy protection in the Supreme Court of British Columbia.
Climate · The Bajgora Wind Farm is the largest wind farm in Kosovo. It has a nameplate capacity of 102.6 MW and it is estimated to have a total annual output of 320 GWh, while the system is designed to be operated for at least 25 years.
Solar · A balcony solar power system is a small photovoltaic system designed to generate electricity for direct use in a home or apartment. Unlike conventional rooftop solar installations, balcony solar systems connect to the existing electrical circuit of a building through a standard power outlet or dedicated socket, without requiring significant structural modifications or professional installation in most configurations.
EV · Baltasar Cars is a Spanish manufacturer of electric sports cars based in Barcelona, operating since 2011.
EV · The Baojun Xiangjing is a mid-size sedan manufactured by SAIC-GM-Wuling (SGMW) under the Baojun brand since 2024. The first production Xiangjing was manufactured in December 2024 at the lean intelligent manufacturing (LIM) facility of SAIC-GM-Wuling (SGMW) in Liuzhou, Guangxi. The Xiangjing went on sale in April 2025 during Auto Shanghai.
EV · The Baojun Yunhai is a compact crossover SUV manufactured by SAIC-GM-Wuling (SGMW) under the Baojun brand since 2024. Available as a plug-in hybrid or as a battery electric vehicle, the Yunhai was first introduced in May 2024 and went on sale in September 2024.
Climate · A basic utility vehicle (BUV) is a simple rugged vehicle designed for use in the developing world. A slew of such vehicles were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s; most only reached limited production and market penetration, as used Western vehicles often proved cheaper. In Southeast Asia, these are often referred to as Asian utility vehicles (AUV). They have also been called basic transportation vehicles (BTV).
Battery · A battery charger, recharger, or simply charger, is a device that stores energy in an electric battery by running current through it. The charging protocol—how much voltage and current, for how long and what to do when charging is complete—depends on the size and type of the battery being charged. Some battery types have high tolerance for overcharging after the battery has been fully charged and can be recharged by connection to a constant voltage source or a constant current source, depending on battery type.
EV · A battery electric bus is an electric bus that is driven by an electric motor and obtains energy from on-board batteries. Many trolleybuses use batteries as an auxiliary or emergency power source.
Battery · A battery electric multiple unit (BEMU), battery electric railcar or accumulator railcar is an electric multiple unit or railcar whose energy can be supplied from rechargeable batteries driving the traction motors.
EV · A battery electric vehicle (BEV), pure electric vehicle, only-electric vehicle, fully electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that uses electrical energy exclusively from an on-board battery pack to power one or more electric traction motors, on which the vehicle solely relies for propulsion.
Battery · A battery management system (BMS) is any electronic system that manages a rechargeable battery by facilitating the safe usage and a long life of the battery in practical scenarios while monitoring and estimating its various states, calculating secondary data, reporting that data, controlling its environment, authenticating or balancing it.
Battery · Battery passport is a form of Digital Product Passport or Material passport designed for rechargeable batteries. It is a machine-readable digital record intended to accompany a battery throughout its lifecycle and standardize information related to identity, provenance, material composition, performance, and environmental impact. The passport links a physical battery to a digital information layer that can be accessed via a data carrier or unique identifier and used by manufacturers, regulators, recyclers, and end users to retrieve lifecycle information.
Battery · Battery recycling is a recycling activity that aims to reduce the number of batteries being disposed as municipal solid waste. Batteries contain a number of heavy metals and toxic chemicals and disposing of them by the same process as regular household waste has raised concerns over soil contamination and water pollution. While reducing the amount of pollutants being released through disposal through the uses of landfill and incineration, battery recycling can facilitate the release of harmful materials from batteries to both the environment and the workers recycling batteries.
Charging · Battery swapping or battery switching is an electric vehicle technology that allows battery electric vehicles to quickly exchange a discharged battery pack for a fully charged one, rather than recharging the vehicle via a charging station. Battery swapping is common in electric forklift applications.
EV · Cezeri is a quadcopter developed by Baykar Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems Co. in Turkey. It was named after Ismail al-Jazari (1136–1206), a Muslim polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, artisan and artist from Jazira in Mesopotamia. The 230 kg (510 lb) heavy prototype made the autonomous maiden flight midnight of September 2020, about one year after its introduction to the public at the 2019 Teknofest Istanbul.
Climate · The Bedford Green Wheel is a network of traffic free paths and quiet routes for cyclists and walkers in and around Bedford, England. This network included 'spokes' linking into the town centre. The network links parks, nature reserves, countryside and homes. This project was announced as part of Bedford Borough Council's Green Infrastructure Plan 2009.
EV · Beistegui Hermanos S.A. is a Spanish bicycle manufacturer. Founded in 1909, it is headquartered in Spain. As of 2023 it also went by BH Bicycles, after its years as Beistegui Hermanos.
EV · The Belumbury Dany is a city car a little over three metres, able to accommodate up to 4 people and is available with either an electrical or internal combustion engine. The Dany was developed in collaboration with the University of Camerino, with Woodpecker and Carcerano.
Battery · Benchmark Mineral Intelligence also known as Benchmark Minerals, is a London-based price reporting agency and specialist information provider for the lithium-ion battery to electric vehicle (EV) supply chain. It was founded by Simon Moores, the agency's majority owner, in 2014. The company had £11 million in assets as of 2022.
EV · Benno Bikes is a bicycle brand and manufacturer of electric bicycles, cargo bikes, and comfort bikes, as well as cargo accessories and bicycle parts. It was founded in 2015 by Benno Baenziger — who made a name and reputation by co-founding with Jeano Erforth, Electra Bicycle company, a modern electric bike manufacturer, in Del Mar, California. These electric bicycles are a crossover between comfort bikes and cargo bikes. A sobriquet for the concept of these bikes has been described and trademarked as "etility" by Benno.
EV · The Bentley Bentayga is a luxury SUV produced by British marque Bentley Motors. Introduced in late 2015, it is the brand's first luxury crossover SUV. Its unibody is manufactured at the Volkswagen Zwickau-Mosel Plant in Germany, then painted and assembled at Bentley's factory in Crewe, United Kingdom.
Hydrogen · Bernard S. Baker is an American electrochemist who was a pioneer in the field of electrochemistry. He was a founder and served as president, chief executive officer and chairman of Energy Research Corporation, developer and manufacturer of direct fuel cells (MCFC) used to generate electric power. Power plants based on his concepts are providing electricity in distributed generation locations throughout the world.
Battery · Beta-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) is a fast-ion conductor material used as a membrane in several types of molten salt electrochemical cell. Currently there is no known substitute available. β-Alumina exhibits an unusual layered crystal structure which enables very fast-ion transport. β-Alumina is not an isomorphic form of aluminium oxide (Al2O3), but a sodium polyaluminate. It is a hard polycrystalline ceramic, which, when prepared as an electrolyte, is complexed with a mobile ion, such as Na+, K+, Li+, Ag+, H+, Pb2+, Sr2+ or Ba2+ depending on the application. β-Alumina is a good conductor of its mobile ion yet allows no non-ionic (i.e., electronic) conductivity. The crystal structure of the β-alumina provides an essential rigid framework with channels along which the ionic species of the solid can migrate. Ion transport involves hopping from site to site along these channels. Since the 1970s this technology has been thoroughly developed, resulting in interesting applications. Its special characteristics on ion and electrical conductivity make this material extremely interesting in the field of energy storage.
Climate · Better Environmentally Sound Transportation (BEST) is a Vancouver-based charity focused on promoting walking, cycling, public transit, and other forms of sustainable transportation in Metro Vancouver. The organization was founded in 1991 and has several active projects as of 2019.
Wind · In aerodynamics, Betz's law indicates the maximum power that can be extracted from the wind, independent of the design of a wind turbine in open flow. It was published in 1919 by the German physicist Albert Betz. The law is derived from the principles of conservation of mass and momentum of the air stream flowing through an idealized "actuator disk" that extracts energy from the wind stream. According to Betz's law, no wind turbine of any mechanism can capture more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy in wind. The factor 16/27 (0.593) is known as Betz's coefficient or the Betz limit. Practical utility-scale wind turbines achieve at peak 75–80% of the Betz limit.
Climate · Bicing is a bicycle-sharing system in the city of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, which was implemented in March 2007, promoted by the City Council. The municipal company Barcelona de Serveis Municipals (B:SM) is the manager of the service, while the exploitation concession corresponds to Pedalem Barcelona since 2019, a Temporary Union of Companies formed by CESPA and PBSC. Between 2007 and 2018, Clear Channel was the company in charge of this task. It is similar to the Vélo'v service in Lyon or Vélib' in Paris, and uses the same bicycles and stations as used in Stockholm, Oslo, and Zaragoza. Its purpose is to cover small and medium daily routes within the city in a climate-friendly way, eliminating the pollution, roadway noise, and traffic congestion that motor vehicles create.
Climate · A bicycle, also called a pedal cycle, bike, push-bike or cycle, is a human-powered or motor-assisted, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A bicycle rider is called a cyclist or bicyclist.
Climate · Bicycle-friendly policies and practices help some people feel more comfortable about traveling by bicycle with other traffic. The level of bicycle-friendliness of an environment can be influenced by many factors including town planning and cycling infrastructure decisions. A stigma towards people who ride bicycles and fear of cycling is a social construct that needs to be fully understood when promoting a bicycle friendly culture.
Solar · A bifacial solar cell (BSC) is a photovoltaic solar cell that can produce electrical energy from both front and rear side. In contrast, monofacial solar cells produce electrical energy only when photons are incident on their front side. Bifacial solar cells and solar panels (devices that consist of multiple solar cells) can improve the electric energy output and modify the temporal power production profile compared with their monofacial counterparts.
Climate · Bi-fuel vehicles are vehicles with multifuel engines capable of running on two fuels. The two fuels are stored in separate tanks and the engine runs on one fuel at a time. On internal combustion engines, a bi-fuel engine typically burns gasoline and a volatile alternate fuel such as natural gas (CNG), LPG, or hydrogen. Bi-fuel vehicles switch between gasoline and the other fuel, manually or automatically. A related concept is the dual-fuel vehicle which must burn both fuels in combination. Diesel engines converted to use gaseous fuels fall into this class due to the different ignition system.
Battery · A biobattery generates electricity using biological/organic compound materials and processes. Biofuel cells (BFCs) produce electrical energy through oxidation and reduction reactions at two electrodes using substances like glucose, bacteria, and enzymes. These enzymes present like they do in the human body and which break down glucose, then break down into electrons and protons which are released. Although the batteries have never been commercially sold, they are still being tested, and several research teams and engineers are working to further advance the development of these batteries. Related energy-harvesting devices that can aid in the creation of bio batteries development. For example, thermoelectric generators are not traditional chemical batteries but devices that convert fluctuations in temperature directly into electricity. Triboelectric nanogenerators and piezoelectric generators are devices that convert mechanical motion, pressure, or friction into electrical energy. These devices are starting to be researched by researchers for wearable devices and implanted sensors.
Climate · Bioenergy Europe is a European trade association open to national biomass associations and bioenergy companies active in Europe. It was founded in 1990 under the leadership of French senator Michel Souplet with the aim to promote energy generation from biomass in all its forms: biopower, bioheat, or biofuels for transport.
Climate · Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is the process of extracting bioenergy from biomass and capturing and storing the carbon dioxide (CO2) that is produced.
Climate · BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport (BEST) was a four-year project financially supported by the European Union for promoting the introduction and market penetration of bioethanol as a vehicle fuel, and the introduction and wider use of flexible-fuel vehicles and ethanol-powered vehicles on the world market. The project began in January 2006 and continued until the end of 2009, and had nine participating regions or cities in Europe, Brazil, and China.
Climate · Biogas is a renewable gaseous fuel generated from organic materials including agricultural residues, manure, municipal waste, plant matter, sewage, wastewater, green waste, and food waste. Biogas is produced industrially via anaerobic digestion with anaerobic organisms or methanogens inside an anaerobic digester or other type of bioreactor. The gas composition is primarily methane and carbon dioxide with small amounts of hydrogen sulfide produced as a byproduct. Biogas is typically saturated with water vapour as a result of anaerobic micro-organisms living in water. Trace quantities of volatile organic compounds and siloxanes can also vapourize into biogas, if they are present in the biomass feedstock.
Hydrogen · Biohydrogen is H2 that is produced biologically. Interest is high in this technology because H2 is a clean fuel and can be readily produced from certain kinds of biomass, including biological waste. Furthermore some photosynthetic microorganisms are capable of producing H2 directly from water splitting using light as energy source.
Hydrogen · Biological photovoltaics, also called biophotovoltaics or BPV, is an energy-generating technology which uses oxygenic photoautotrophic organisms, or fractions thereof, to harvest light energy and produce electrical power. Biological photovoltaic devices are a type of biological electrochemical system, or microbial fuel cell, and are sometimes also called photo-microbial fuel cells or “living solar cells”. In a biological photovoltaic system, electrons generated by photolysis of water are transferred to an anode. A relatively high-potential reaction takes place at the cathode, and the resulting potential difference drives current through an external circuit to do useful work. It is hoped that using a living organism as the light harvesting material, will make biological photovoltaics a cost-effective alternative to synthetic light-energy-transduction technologies such as silicon-based photovoltaics.
Climate · Biological wood oxidation is a composting of wood substrate which aims at generating heat—for this reason, it is also known as "compost heating". During the wood oxidation process; microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, degrade wood substrate into CO2, H2O, and subsequently release heat in the presence of oxygen. Mainly woody materials like branches, trunk, and leaves are used. These materials are rich in carbon and poor in nutrients like nitrogen. As a result, nutrient-rich additives such as manure, urine and food waste are used to enhance and accelerate the process. The temperature of wood composting usually varies from 20 to 70 °C, which fits well for building applications such as air heating, floor heating and domestic hot water service.
Climate · In the context of energy production, biomass is matter from recently living organisms which is used for bioenergy production. Examples include wood, wood residues, energy crops, agricultural residues including straw, and organic waste from industry and households. Wood and wood residues is the largest biomass energy source today. Wood can be used as a fuel directly or processed into pellet fuel or other forms of fuels. Other plants can also be used as fuel, for instance maize, switchgrass, miscanthus and bamboo. The main waste feedstocks are wood waste, agricultural waste, municipal solid waste, and manufacturing waste. Upgrading raw biomass to higher grade fuels can be achieved by different methods, broadly classified as thermal, chemical, or biochemical.
Climate · Biomass briquettes are a biofuel substitute made of biodegradable green waste with lower emissions of greenhouses gases and carbon dioxide than traditional fuel sources. This fuel source is used as an alternative for harmful biofuels. Briquettes are used for heating, cooking fuel, and electricity generation usually in developing countries that do not have access to more modern fuel sources. Biomass briquettes have become popular in developed countries due to the accessibility, and eco-friendly impact. The briquettes can be used in the developed countries for producing electricity from steam power by heating water in boilers.
Climate · Biomass Energy Centre is a biomass fired CHP power station located in the town of Chilton in County Durham. Opened in 2011, the plant was developed, and then owned and operated by Veolia Energy-Dalkia.
Climate · Biomimetics or biomimicry is the replication of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems. The terms "biomimetics" and "biomimicry" are derived from Ancient Greek: βίος (bios), life, and μίμησις (mīmēsis), imitation, from μιμεῖσθαι (mīmeisthai), to imitate, from μῖμος (mimos), actor. To combine the word to mean imitating life. A closely related field is bionics. Nanobiomimetics is the specialization of nanobiomimetics in the nanoscale.
Battery · The blade battery is a form factor for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries characterised by flat, elongated prismatic cells arranged directly into battery packs without traditional module enclosures. Utilising a cell-to-pack (CTP) architecture, the design improves space utilisation, structural integrity, and safety relative to conventional cylindrical, pouch, and block prismatic cells.
Wind · Blade element theory (BET) is a mathematical process originally designed by William Froude (1878), David W. Taylor (1893) and Stefan Drzewiecki (1885) to determine the behavior of propellers. It involves breaking a blade down into several small parts then determining the forces on each of these small blade elements. These forces are then integrated along the entire blade and over one rotor revolution in order to obtain the forces and moments produced by the entire propeller or rotor. One of the key difficulties lies in modelling the induced velocity on the rotor disk. Because of this the blade element theory is often combined with momentum theory to provide additional relationships necessary to describe the induced velocity on the rotor disk, producing blade element momentum theory. At the most basic level of approximation a uniform induced velocity on the disk is assumed:
EV · Blended mode is a charge-depleting mode of operation for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in which most of the motive energy is supplied by the battery pack but supplemented by the internal combustion engine (ICE). In contrast, all-electric or battery electric vehicles use only the electricity provided by the battery pack as their sole source of energy in a charge-depleting manner. Both types of advanced technology vehicles use regenerative brakes to recapture kinetic energy that should not be considered a fuel source but rather an efficiency aspect of these types of electric vehicle powertrains not found in traditional internal combustion engine vehicles.
Hydrogen · The Bloom Energy Server or Bloom Box is a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) power generator made by Bloom Energy, of Sunnyvale, California, that takes a variety of input fuels, including liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons produced from biological sources, to produce electricity at or near the site where it will be used. It withstands temperatures of up to 1,800 °F (980 °C). According to the company, a single cell generates 25 watts.
Solar · Blue Sky Solar Racing is a student-run team at the University of Toronto that designs and constructs solar powered vehicles to race in international competitions.
EV · Bluecity was a London-based company providing electric car-sharing services, starting from 26 April 2017 to 10 February 2020. The cars provided by the service were Bolloré Bluecars by the Bolloré group.
EV · Flexar is a Singaporean company providing electric car sharing and electric car charging services. The company was originally launched as BlueSG in September 2017, beginning operations in December 2017 with 30 charging stations and 80 all-electric Bolloré Bluecar available via a paid subscription model.
EV · The BMW 2 Series Active Tourer is a two-row subcompact executive MPV produced by BMW since August 2014. The closely related BMW 2 Series Gran Tourer is a longer three-row version which began production in 2015 and discontinued in 2021, now sold exclusively as a hatchback. Marketed as part of the 2 Series range, the F45/F46 are based on the front-wheel-drive UKL2 platform. The design is based on the BMW Concept Active Tourer, and is mechanically related to the Mini Countryman, also built by BMW. Just like the BMW 1 Series hatchback, the BMW 2 Series Active Tourer and Gran Tourer models were never available in the United States.
EV · The sixth generation of the BMW 3 Series consists of the BMW F30, BMW F31 and BMW F34 compact executive cars. The F30/F31/F34 generation was produced from October 2011 to 2019 and is often collectively referred to as the F30.
EV · The seventh generation of the BMW 5 Series consists of the BMW G30 and BMW G31 executive cars. The G30/G31 has been produced since 2016 by the German automaker BMW and is often collectively referred to as the G30. It was officially announced on 12 October 2016 and sales began in February 2017.
EV · The BMW 5 Series (G60) is an executive car manufactured and marketed by German luxury automaker BMW since 2023. The lineup consists of the G60 saloon, G61 estate, and the G68 long-wheelbase sedan. It represents the eighth generation of the BMW 5 Series, succeeding the G30 model.
EV · The sixth generation of the BMW 7 Series consists of the BMW G11 and BMW G12 luxury saloons. The G11/G12 generation was produced by BMW from 2015 to 2022, and is often collectively referred to as the G11.
EV · G70 is the internal designation for the seventh generation of the BMW 7 Series, a range of Full-size luxury cars produced by the German luxury vehicle manufacturer BMW since July 2022.
EV · BMW i is a sub-brand of BMW founded in 2011 to design and manufacture plug-in electric vehicles. The company initially released two vehicles: the i3 all-electric car and the i8 plug-in hybrid. From 2020, BMW began electrifying models in the mainstream BMW range with the iX3, while the iX was the only purpose-built electric vehicle.
EV · The BMW i3 is a high-roof, five-door, four passenger B-segment hatchback electric car manufactured and marketed by BMW from 2013 to 2022 as BMW's first mass-produced zero emissions vehicle — launched as part of BMW's electric vehicle BMW i sub-brand. Its electric powertrain uses a rear-wheel drive configuration with a single-speed transmission and an underfloor lithium-ion battery pack with an optional range-extending petrol engine.
EV · The BMW i8 is a plug-in hybrid sports car developed by BMW. The i8 was part of BMW's electrified fleet and was marketed under the BMW i sub-brand. The production version of the BMW i8 was unveiled at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show and was released in Germany in June 2014. Deliveries to retail customers in the U.S. began in August 2014. A roadster variant was launched in May 2018. Production ended in June 2020.
EV · The BMW X2 is a subcompact luxury crossover SUV produced by BMW since 2017. It is marketed as a sports activity coupé (SAC), and is considered a sportier and less practical alternative to the X1, as is the case with other even-numbered X models with their respective odd-numbered counterparts. As of 2026, it is positioned between the X1 and the larger X3 in BMW's SUV global lineup.
EV · The BMW X3 G45 is a compact luxury crossover SUV manufactured by the German automaker BMW, replacing the third-generation X3 G01, and the fourth-generation model in the BMW X3 series. Like its predecessor, the G45 X3 is based on the BMW Cluster Architecture (CLAR) platform utilising a range of mild hybrid and plug-in hybrid powertrains. However, it no longer has an electric version built on the same platform. Instead, the iX3 (NA5) is based on the Neue Klasse platform.
EV · Boarding stairs, sometimes called a boarding ramp, or a gangway in the case of ships, are devices, designed to safety standards, which passengers and crew use to board a ship or an aircraft when no built-in stairs are available. Larger aircraft may use one or more fingers attached to the terminal building for passenger boarding, but boarding stairs are used when these are not available or it is impractical or too expensive to use them.
Battery · Body capacitance is the physical property of a human body to act as a capacitor. Like any other electrically conductive object, a human body can store electric charge if insulated. The actual amount of capacitance varies with the surroundings; it would be low when standing on top of a pole with nothing nearby, but high when leaning against an insulated, but grounded large metal surface, such as a household refrigerator, or a metal wall in a factory.
Climate · Boundary Dam Power Station is the largest coal fired station owned by SaskPower, located near Estevan, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Charging · Chargemaster Limited is a supplier of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles, based in Milton Keynes, England. It provides charging units for home, business and public use, and operates its own electric vehicle fast charging network.
EV · The British Rail Class 379 Electrostar is an electric multiple unit (EMU) passenger train which was designed and built by Bombardier Transportation. The trains are part of the company's extensive Electrostar family.
Battery · Power by Britishvolt Limited, trading as Britishvolt, was a UK startup manufacturer of lithium-ion batteries. The company initially planned production of batteries for the automotive industry. It began construction of a gigafactory at Blyth in northeast England in 2021, but work was halted in August 2022 due to funding difficulties.
Solar · Bruno Ehrler is a physicist and materials scientist whose research centers on perovskite semiconductors, hybrid solar cells, and neuromorphic devices. He leads the Hybrid Solar Cells group at AMOLF and has been appointed as the next director of the instittue effective 1 January 2026. Since 2020 he has been an honorary professor at the University of Groningen.
EV · The BugE is a one-passenger, three-wheeled battery electric vehicle designed by Mark Murphy of Blue Sky Design in 2007. It can reach up to 40 mph in standard form, and can run for 30 miles on a full charge. The BugE is licensed as a motorcycle and can run on all major streets in the United States of America. A fully completed BugE vehicle is as of May 2015 is listed at US$5,732.30.
EV · The bullpen car, also known as a bullpen cart, is a motor vehicle used in professional baseball to bring relief pitchers into the game from the bullpen to the pitcher's mound during a pitching change. Bullpen cars were used in Major League Baseball from 1950 through 1995, and returned to use in 2018. They have also been used in Nippon Professional Baseball since the 1980s.
EV · Bumper cars or dodgems are the generic names for a type of flat amusement ride consisting of multiple small electrically powered cars which draw power from the floor or ceiling, and which are turned on and off remotely by an operator. They are also known as bumping cars, dodging cars and dashing cars. The first patent for them was filed in 1921.
Climate · A bus lane or bus-only lane is a lane restricted to buses, generally to speed up public transport that would be otherwise held up by traffic congestion. The related term busway describes a roadway completely dedicated for use by buses, whilst bus gate describes a short bus lane often used as a short cut for public transport. Bus lanes are a key component of a high-quality bus corridor (QBC) and bus rapid transit (BRT) network, improving bus travel speeds and reliability by reducing delay caused by other traffic.
Climate · Bus rapid transit (BRT), also referred to as a busway or transitway, is a trolleybus, electric bus, or bus service system designed to have higher capacity, reliability, and other quality features than a conventional bus system. Typically, a BRT system includes roadways that are dedicated to buses, and gives priority to buses at intersections where buses may interact with other traffic, alongside design features to reduce delays caused by passengers boarding or disembarking buses, or paying fares. BRT aims to combine the capacity and speed of a light rail transit (LRT) or mass rapid transit (MRT) system with the flexibility, lower cost and simplicity of a bus system.
EV · The BYD 8TT is an all-electric, heavy duty semi-truck sold by BYD Auto in the United States, China and other markets.
Battery · The BYD Blade Battery is a type of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery first developed and manufactured by FinDreams Battery, a subsidiary of BYD. It was publicly announced in 2020. The blade design was conceived to improve space utilisation, structural integrity, and safety relative to conventional cylindrical, pouch, and block prismatic cells.
Battery · BYD Energy Storage System is independently developed by the Chinese company BYD who begun with its battery manufacture business but later expands to diverse fields like new energy, EV etc., including energy type and power type. The energy type system can discharge for a long time, while the power type can supply big power for a short time. BYD Energy Storage System can realize, as the company announced, the function as below:frequency regulation, substation grid support, distributed energy storage system (DESS), PV/Wind integration, commercial energy management etc.
Charging · The BYD Flash Charging, stylized as FLASH Charging, is an electric vehicle fast charging network consisting of high-power direct current (DC) system developed by the Chinese manufacturer BYD Company.
Climate · Cable transport is a broad class of transport modes that have cables. They transport passengers and goods, often in vehicles called cable cars. The cable may be driven or passive, and items may be moved by pulling, sliding, sailing, or by drives within the object being moved on cableways. The use of pulleys and balancing of loads moving up and down are common elements of cable transport. They are often used in mountainous areas where cable haulage can overcome large differences in elevation.
Solar · Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is a stable crystalline compound formed from cadmium and tellurium. It is mainly used as the semiconducting material in cadmium telluride photovoltaics and an infrared optical window. It is usually sandwiched with cadmium sulfide to form a p–n junction solar PV cell.
Solar · Cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaics is a photovoltaic (PV) technology based on the use of cadmium telluride in a thin semiconductor layer designed to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity. Cadmium telluride PV is the only thin film technology with lower costs than conventional solar cells made of crystalline silicon in multi-kilowatt systems.
Climate · Calcium looping (CaL), or the regenerative calcium cycle (RCC), is a second-generation carbon capture technology. It is the most developed form of carbonate looping, where a metal (M) is reversibly reacted between its carbonate form (MCO3) and its oxide form (MO) to separate carbon dioxide from other gases coming from either power generation or an industrial plant. For this reason, calcium looping is also known as carbonate looping. In the calcium looping process, the two species are calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium oxide (CaO). The captured carbon dioxide can then be transported to a storage site, used in enhanced oil recovery or used as a chemical feedstock. Calcium oxide is often referred to as the sorbent.
Climate · The California Air Resources Board is an agency of the government of California that aims to reduce air pollution. Established in 1967 when then-governor Ronald Reagan signed the Mulford-Carrell Act, combining the Bureau of Air Sanitation and the Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board, CARB is a department within the cabinet-level California Environmental Protection Agency.
Climate · The Cancún safeguards are a set of seven social, environmental and governance safeguards adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for REDD+ activities at the 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Cancún, Mexico. The safeguards address topics including forest governance, the rights and participation of Indigenous peoples and local communities, conservation of natural forests and biodiversity, and risks such as reversals and displacement of emissions.
EV · The Canoo Lifestyle Vehicle (LV) was a battery electric vehicle with multiple body styles sharing a common platform, including minivan, cargo van, and pickup truck, manufactured by Canoo. Canoo went bankrupt in January 2025. The cargo van variant, named the Lifestyle Delivery Vehicle (LDV), was in production; an all-wheel-drive pickup truck, named the Light Tactical Vehicle (LTV), was delivered for evaluation by the United States Army; and three other models of passenger vans were announced. They had range estimates of 400 km (250 mi) and an estimated 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) time of 6.3 seconds.
Battery · A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy by accumulating electric charges on two closely spaced surfaces that are insulated from each other. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals. A capacitor was originally known as a condenser, a term still encountered in a few compound names, such as the condenser microphone. Colloquially, a capacitor may be called a cap.
EV · A capacitor electric vehicle is a vehicle that uses supercapacitors to store electricity.
Battery · Capacity loss or capacity fading is a phenomenon observed in rechargeable battery usage where the amount of charge a battery can deliver at the rated voltage decreases with use.
Climate · Car dependency is a pattern in urban planning that occurs when infrastructure favours automobiles over other modes of transport, such as public transport, bicycles, and walking. Car dependency is associated with higher transport pollution than transport systems that treat all transportation modes equally.
Climate · A carbon budget is a concept used in politics of climate change to help set greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets in a fair and effective way. It examines the "maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions that would result in limiting global warming to a given level". It can be expressed relative to the pre-industrial period. In this case, it is the total carbon budget. Or it can be expressed from a recent specified date onwards. In that case it is the remaining carbon budget.
Climate · Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a process by which carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial installations or natural sources is separated before it is released into the atmosphere, then transported to a long-term storage location. The CO2 is captured from a large point source, such as a natural gas processing plant and is typically stored in a deep geological formation. Around 80% of the CO2 captured annually is used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), a process by which CO2 is injected into partially depleted oil reservoirs in order to extract more oil and then is largely left underground. Since EOR utilizes the CO2 in addition to storing it, CCS is also known as carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS).
Climate · A carbon carousel is made of CO2-sorbent panels that are spun around in the air to remove carbon dioxide. After spinning the panels are placed in a regeneration chamber where the carbon dioxide is desorbed.
Climate · The Carbon Connect Delta Program is a proposed carbon sequestration program to aid Belgium and the Netherlands in achieving carbon neutrality by 2030. It aims to capture, transport, and store 6.5 million tones of CO2 by 2030 using carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the transboundary area of the North Sea Port area of the Scheldt-Delta region connecting Belgium and the Netherlands.
Climate · A carbon dioxide scrubber is a piece of equipment that absorbs carbon dioxide (CO2). It is used to treat exhaust gases from industrial plants or from exhaled air in life support systems such as rebreathers or in spacecraft, submersible craft or airtight chambers. Carbon dioxide scrubbers are also used in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage and carbon capture and storage processes. Some of them include an absorbent canister.
Climate · A carbon fee and dividend or climate income is a system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address climate change. The system imposes a carbon tax on the sale of fossil fuels, and then distributes the revenue of this tax over the entire population as a monthly income or regular payment.
Battery · Carbon nanotube springs are springs made of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). They are an alternate form of high-density, lightweight, reversible energy storage based on the elastic deformations of CNTs. Many previous studies on the mechanical properties of CNTs have revealed that they possess high stiffness, strength and flexibility. The Young's modulus of CNTs is 1 TPa and they have the ability to sustain reversible tensile strains of 6% and the mechanical springs based on these structures are likely to surpass the current energy storage capabilities of existing steel springs and provide a viable alternative to electrochemical batteries. The obtainable energy density is predicted to be highest under tensile loading, with an energy density in the springs themselves about 2500 times greater than the energy density that can be reached in steel springs, and 10 times greater than the energy density of lithium-ion batteries.
Solar · Organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) are fabricated from thin films of organic semiconductors, such as polymers and small-molecule compounds, and are typically on the order of 100 nm thick. Because polymer based OPVs can be made using a coating process such as spin coating or inkjet printing, they are an attractive option for inexpensively covering large areas as well as flexible plastic surfaces. A promising low cost alternative to conventional solar cells made of crystalline silicon, there is a large amount of research being dedicated throughout industry and academia towards developing OPVs and increasing their power conversion efficiency.
Climate · A carbon credit is a tradable instrument (typically a virtual certificate) that conveys a claim to have avoided greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or to have enhanced removal of GHG from the atmosphere. One carbon credit represents the avoided or enhanced removal of one metric ton of carbon dioxide or its carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e).
Climate · Carbon pricing is a method for governments to mitigate climate change, in which a monetary cost is applied to greenhouse gas emissions. This is done to encourage polluters to reduce fossil fuel combustion, the main driver of climate change. A carbon price usually takes the form of a carbon tax, or an emissions trading scheme (ETS) that requires firms to purchase allowances to emit. The method is widely agreed to be an efficient policy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon pricing seeks to address the economic problem that emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases are a negative externality – a detrimental product that is not charged for by any market.
Climate · Carbon quantitative easing (CQE) is an unconventional monetary policy or monetary program that is featured in a proposed international climate policy, called a global carbon reward or simply, the carbon reward. The main goal of CQE is to guarantee the price floor of a carbon reward market so that this market can scale to decarbonise the world economy. The market instrument is also called a 'carbon reward' and is denoted XCR, which is a provisional code for possible inclusion in ISO 4217. The XCR is a financial asset and its main purpose is to finance greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation at scale and without the financial constraints that limit the utility of carbon credits. The XCR is technically not a carbon credit and it cannot be used to offset carbon emissions.
Climate · Carbon sequestration is a natural process of storing carbon in a carbon pool. It plays a crucial role in effectively managing the global carbon cycle and limiting climate change by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. There are two main types of carbon sequestration: biologic and geologic.
Climate · Carbon storage in the North Sea includes programmes being run by several Northern European countries to capture carbon, and store it under the North Sea in either old oil and gas workings, or within saline aquifers. Whilst there have been some moves to international co-operation, most of the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) programmes are governed by the laws of the country that is running them. Because the governments have pledged net zero carbon emissions by 2050, they have to find ways to deal with any remaining CO2 produced, such as by heavy industry. Around 90% of the identified storage geologies for carbon dioxide in Europe are shared between Norway and the United Kingdom; all of the designated sites for storage are located in the North Sea.
Climate · A carbon tariff or border carbon adjustment (BCA) is an eco-tariff on embedded carbon. The aim is generally to prevent carbon leakage from states without a carbon price. Examples of imports which are high-carbon and so may be subject to a carbon tariff are electricity generated by coal-fired power stations, iron and steel from blast furnaces, and fertilizer from the Haber process.
Climate · The CarbonFix Standard (CFS) was an initiative to certify climate forestation projects to sequester carbon from the atmosphere. The CarbonFix Standard was administered by CarbonFix, a non-profit association based in Germany. In 2012, it was acquired by and integrated into the Gold Standard.
Battery · A Carnot battery is a type of energy storage system that stores electricity in thermal energy storage. During the charging process, electricity is converted into heat and kept in heat storage. During the discharging process, the stored heat is converted back into electricity. The technology is also known as power-to-heat-to-power.
Climate · Carpooling is the sharing of car journeys so that more than one person travels in a car, and prevents the need for others to have to drive to a location themselves. Carpooling is considered a Demand-Responsive Transport (DRT) service.
Climate · A carpool line is a hybrid form of transport that combines elements of carpooling with features of a public transport line. It is particularly suited to areas with medium to low population density.
Climate · Carsharing or car sharing or car clubs (UK) refers to several models of car rental or car use, where people rent cars for short periods of time, often by the hour. Unlike traditional car rental, collecting and returning the vehicle is often self-service through a mobile app and without entering an office or agency. It also often differs in the length of hire and the cost structure. In some models a commercial company owns the fleet and offers it for member use (business-to-consumer). In other models the owners are private individuals who organise as a cooperative or ad hoc grouping, or list their vehicles with a separate car sharing facilitator (peer-to-peer). Car sharing is part of a larger trend of shared mobility.
Hydrogen · Catalyst poisoning is the partial or total deactivation of a catalyst by a chemical compound. Poisoning refers specifically to chemical deactivation, rather than other mechanisms of catalyst degradation such as thermal decomposition or physical damage. Although usually undesirable, poisoning may be helpful when it results in improved catalyst selectivity. An important historic example was the poisoning of catalytic converters by leaded fuel.
Hydrogen · Cenex, the Low Carbon and Fuel Cells Centre of Excellence, is an independent non-profit research and consultancy that helps private and public sector organisations devise ULEV strategies. Founded in 2005, Cenex is headquartered in Loughborough, United Kingdom.
Climate · In Singapore, the Certificate of Entitlement (COE) are classes of categories as part of a quota license for owning a vehicle. The licence is obtained from a successful winning bid in an open bid uniform price auction which grants the legal right of the holder to register, own and use a vehicle in Singapore for an initial period of 10 years. When demand is high, the cost of a COE can exceed the value of the car itself. The COE system was implemented in 1990 to regulate the number of vehicles on the road and control traffic congestion, especially in a land-constrained country such as Singapore.
Climate · The Certification for Sustainable Transportation is a national program housed at the University of Vermont Extension that seeks to promote the practice of using energy efficient modes of transportation. The CST work centers on its eRating vehicle certification program, which is an eco-label for passenger transportation vehicles. The eRating uses a sustainability index which includes factors such as green house gas emissions per passenger mile, emission levels of criteria pollutants, and in certain circumstances factors such as training for drivers and use of endorsed carbon offsets. Once a certain threshold is met, vehicles may qualify for e1, e2, e3, or e4 levels in the certification program.
Charging · CHAdeMO is a fast-charging system for battery electric vehicles, developed in 2010 by the CHAdeMO Association, formed by the Tokyo Electric Power Company and five major Japanese automakers. The name is an abbreviation of "CHArge de MOve" and is derived from the Japanese phrase "o CHA deMO ikaga desuka" (お茶でもいかがですか), translating to English as "How about a cup of tea?", referring to the time it would take to charge a car.
Charging · The ChaoJi connector, also referenced as CHAdeMO 3.0, is a high-power charging standard for electric cars, released in 2020. The connector has a lemniscate shape (∞), with a flat bottom edge and is planned for charging battery electric vehicles at up to 900 kilowatts using direct current. The design incorporates backward compatibility with CHAdeMO and the GB/T DC-charging, using a dedicated inlet adapter for each system. The circuit interface of ChaoJi is also designed to be fully compatible with the Combined Charging System, also known as CCS.
Charging · ChargePoint Holdings, Inc. is an American electric vehicle infrastructure company based in Campbell, California. ChargePoint operates the largest online network of independently owned EV charging stations operating in 14 countries and makes some of its technology.
Charging · A charging station, also known as a charge point, chargepoint, or electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), is a power supply device that supplies electrical power for recharging the onboard battery packs of plug-in electric vehicles.
Climate · Chariot was a commuter shuttle service owned by the Ford Motor Company. The company's mobile-phone application allowed passengers to ride a shuttle between home and work during commuting hours. Chariot operated in cities in the United States and Europe. New routes were determined based on demographic information and crowdsourced data. The company ceased shuttle operations in February 2019.
Climate · Charm Industrial is a carbon dioxide removal company that uses pyrolysis of crop residues and wildfire risk biomass to create biooil that can be pumped into geological storage for long-term biomass carbon removal and storage. Charm is one of the companies that received an advanced market commitment from Frontier Climate.
Climate · The China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC) was one of the two largest shipbuilding conglomerates in the People's Republic of China, the other was the China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC). In 2019, CSIC was merged into CSSC.
EV · The Chrysler ETV-1 was a passenger car glider produced by Chrysler as a test bed for motor and drive controls. With a motor produced by General Electric, it was claimed to be the "first ground up modern day electric vehicle design."
Climate · Circular economy (CE), or circularity, is a model of resource production and consumption that involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling materials and products, to extend product life cycle for as long as possible. The concept aims to tackle global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution by emphasizing the design-based implementation of the three base principles of the model. The main three principles required for the transformation to a circular economy are:designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems.
Solar · The CIS Tower is a high-rise office building on Miller Street in Manchester, England. Designed for the Co-operative Insurance Society (CIS) by architects Gordon Tait and G. S. Hay, the building was completed in 1962 and rises to 118 metres (387 ft) in height. As of June 2026, the Grade II listed building is the 19th-tallest in Greater Manchester and the tallest office building in the United Kingdom outside London. The tower remained as built for over 40 years, until maintenance issues on the service tower required an extensive renovation, which included covering its façade in solar panels.
EV · The Citroën C-ZERO is a supermini/city car produced by Citroën and is 100% electric powered. It was developed in collaboration with Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC). Its sister was marketed by Peugeot as the Peugeot iOn. The changes between the cars are the different exterior and interior styling and the price. The C-Zero was sold until 2020, when it was replaced by the Ami.
Hydrogen · Clean Energy Partnership (CEP) is a joint project for world's most versatile hydrogen demonstration. It is aiming for emission-free mobility and has several hydrogen stations.
Hydrogen · The Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (CHJU), also known as Clean Hydrogen Partnership, is a public–private partnership between the European Commission, Hydrogen Europe, and Hydrogen Europe Research under the Horizon Europe framework programme. It supports research, innovation, and deployment activities in hydrogen technologies, with the aim of accelerating the development of a climate-neutral hydrogen economy in Europe.
EV · Cleanova is a set of plug-in hybrid vehicles by the Société de Véhicules Electriques (SVE), a joint venture between Dassault, Heuliez and Hydro-Québec. Cleanova II is based on Renault Kangoo. In January 2010, SVE was taken over by Dow Kokam (USA Dow Chemical and US-Korean Townsend Kokam). In 2009, Dow Kokam received a $161 million U.S. Department of Energy Grant for Next-Generation Battery Production for the hybrid and electric vehicle markets. The Michigan-based facility - Townsend Kokam Advanced Battery - is expected to produce enough batteries to supply 60,000 hybrid or electric vehicles per year. Three battery technologies are used in the Cleanova: Li-Mn2O4, Li-FePO4, and Li-NiCoAl, with storage capacity adjustable to customer needs (16 to 30 kWh). Half the battery capacity can be restored within 30 minutes.
Climate · Friends of the Irish Environment v Government of Ireland was a landmark climate change case decided by the Irish Supreme Court in 2020. In the case, the Supreme Court quashed the Government of Ireland's 2017 National Mitigation Plan on the grounds that it lacked the specificity required by the Irish Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act 2015. The Supreme Court ordered the government to create a new plan which was compliant with the 2015 Climate Act.
Climate · Climate change mitigation, also called decarbonisation, is an action to limit the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause climate change. Climate change mitigation actions include conserving energy and replacing fossil fuels with clean energy sources. Secondary mitigation strategies include changes to land use and removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. 2022 assessments emphasize that global greenhouse gas emissions must peak before 2025 and decline by about 43% by 2030 to limit warming to 1.5 °C, requiring rapid transitions in energy, transport, and land-use systems.
Climate · There are various theoretical frameworks to mitigate climate change. Frameworks are significant in that they provide a lens through which an argument can be addressed, and can be used to understand the possible angles from which to approach solving climate change. Frameworks in political science are used to think about a topic from various angles in order to understand different perspectives of the topic; common ones in international political science include rationalist, culturalist, marxist, and liberal institutionalist. See international relations theory for more frameworks through which problems can be analyzed.
Climate · A climate change scenario is a hypothetical future based on a "set of key driving forces" behind climate change. Scenarios explore the long-term effectiveness of climate change mitigation and adaptation. Closely related to climate change scenarios are pathways, which are more concrete and action-oriented. However, in the literature, the terms scenarios and pathways are often used interchangeably.
Climate · Climate crisis is a term that is used to describe global warming and climate change and their effects. This term and the term climate emergency have been used to emphasize the threat of global warming to Earth's natural environment and to humans, and to urge aggressive climate change mitigation and transformational adaptation.
Climate · Climate resilience is a concept to describe how well people or ecosystems are prepared to bounce back from certain climate hazard events. The formal definition of the term is the "capacity of social, economic and ecosystems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance". For example, climate resilience can be the ability to recover from climate-related shocks such as floods and droughts. Different actions can increase climate resilience of communities and ecosystems to help them cope. They can help to keep systems working in the face of external forces. For example, building a seawall to protect a coastal community from flooding might help maintain existing ways of life there.
Climate · A Climate Resilience Certificate is a proposed European instrument aimed at standardising the assessment and demonstration of resilience to climate-related risks in real estate. It was introduced in a research project at RISE in Sweden in 2021 and presented in a report in 2023.
Climate · The Climate Resilience Dialogue was an initiative by the European Commission launched in 2021 aimed at addressing the financial impacts of climate change and enhancing climate change adaptation efforts. The initiative was announced in the EU Adaptation Strategy and the Strategy for financing the transition to a sustainable economy. The Dialogue focused on narrowing the climate protection gap, which is the difference between the financial losses caused by climate-related disasters and the amount covered by insurance.
Climate · Climatism is a social, political, and economic ideology and movement that emerged toward the end of the 20th century and aims to combat global warming, for example through climate change mitigation, so that its impact on people's living conditions is mitigated and ultimately neutralized. More specifically, the idea of net-zero emissions emerged in the 2010s, the notion that an account of emission and capture of greenhouse gases by a certain deadline should show net emissions of zero.
Climate · CO2-Plume Geothermal (CPG) is a proposed technology that combines carbon capture and storage (CCS/CCUS) with geothermal energy extraction, utilising carbon dioxide itself as a geothermal energy extraction fluid. The technology was first proposed by Dr. Donald W. Brown at the 25th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering at Stanford University in 2000.
Climate · Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time.
Charging · The Combined Charging System (CCS) is a charging station standard for plug-in electric vehicles that uses the Combo 1 (CCS1) or Combo 2 (CCS2) connectors, which are extensions of the IEC 62196 Type 1 and Type 2 alternating current (AC) connectors, respectively, each with two additional direct current (DC) contacts to allow high-power fast charging. CCS chargers can provide power to electric vehicle batteries at up to 500 kW, and in response to demands for even faster charging, 400 kW CCS chargers have been deployed by charging networks and 990 kW CCS chargers have been demonstrated.
Battery · A combined storage tank combines hot water storage both for heating support and drinking water heating in a larger tank. As a result, warm water, typically from solar thermal energy, is stored temporarily for both purposes for later consumption. Breaks in sunshine can thus be bridged without any additional heating, depending on the heating requirement and storage size. This generally takes up less space than two individual buffer tanks and thermal losses are thereby reduced. These storage tanks are mostly insulated on the outside and designed for the lowest possible heat losses. Usually, it is a tank-in-tank system, that is, a two-compartment system arranged one inside the other. It is thus a combined buffer storage tank with a heat exchange plate in between. Above is a smaller interior tank for drinking water, i.e. water for showers, washing etc. and around it on the outside is a much larger storage volume for heating water for room heating.
Hydrogen · A combined-cycle power plant is an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy. On land, when used to make electricity the most common type is called a combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant, which is a kind of gas-fired power plant. The same principle is also used for marine propulsion, where it is called a combined gas and steam (COGAS) plant. Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles improves overall efficiency, which reduces fuel costs.
Climate · Community Choice Aggregation (CCA), also known as Community Choice Energy, municipal aggregation, governmental aggregation, electricity aggregation, and community aggregation, is an alternative to the investor-owned utility energy supply system in which local entities in the United States aggregate the buying power of individual customers within a defined jurisdiction in order to secure alternative energy supply contracts. The CCA chooses the power generation source on behalf of the consumers.
Climate · The Commuter Challenge is a week-long national event in Canada that is held annually during the Canadian Environment Week. Formatted as a friendly competition between workplaces and Canadian municipalities, the national and host city coordinators announce winners based on the highest percent participation. The event has a strong workplace focus where employers promote the event in-house to support their employees in leaving their cars at home in favour of more sustainable modes of commuting, such as walking, jogging, cycling, in-line skating, public transit, carpooling and remote work.
Battery · A compensated pulsed alternator, also known by the portmanteau compulsator, is a form of power supply.
Climate · Complete streets is a transportation policy and design approach that requires streets to be planned, designed, operated and maintained to enable safe, convenient and comfortable travel and access for users of all ages and abilities regardless of their mode of transportation. Complete Streets allow for safe travel by those walking, cycling, driving automobiles, riding public transportation, or delivering goods.
Battery · Compressed air is air kept under a pressure that is greater than atmospheric pressure. Compressed air in vehicle tires and shock absorbers are commonly used for improved traction and reduced vibration. Compressed air is an important medium for the transfer of energy in industrial processes and is used for power tools such as air hammers, drills, wrenches, and others, as well as to atomize paint, to operate air cylinders for automation, and can also be used to propel vehicles. Brakes applied by compressed air made large railway trains safer and more efficient to operate. Compressed air brakes are also found on large highway vehicles.
Battery · Compressed-air-energy storage (CAES) is a way to store energy for later use using compressed air. At a utility scale, energy generated during periods of low demand can be released during peak load periods.
Solar · The combination of photovoltaic (PV) technology, solar thermal technology, and reflective or refractive solar concentrators has been a highly appealing option for developers and researchers since the late 1970s and early 1980s. The result is what is known as a concentrated photovoltaic thermal (CPVT) system which is a hybrid combination of concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) and photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems.
Solar · Concentrated solar power (CSP), also called concentrating solar power or concentrated solar thermal, involves systems that collect solar heat for multiple purposes like cooking, desalination, or the generation of electric solar power, by using mirrors to concentrate a large area of sunlight toward a receiver.
Solar · A concentrated solar still is a system that uses the same quantity of solar heat input as a simple solar still but can produce a volume of freshwater that is many times greater. While a simple solar still is a way of distilling water by using the heat of the sun to drive evaporation from a water source and ambient air to cool a condenser film, a concentrated solar still uses a concentrated solar thermal collector to concentrate solar heat and deliver it to a multi-effect evaporation process for distillation, thus increasing the natural rate of evaporation. The concentrated solar still is capable of large-scale water production in areas with plentiful solar energy.
Solar · Concentrator photovoltaics (CPV), also called concentrating photovoltaics or concentration photovoltaics, is a photovoltaic technology that generates electricity from sunlight. Unlike conventional photovoltaic systems, it uses lenses or curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto small, highly efficient, multi-junction (MJ) solar cells. In addition, CPV systems often use solar trackers and sometimes a cooling system to further increase their efficiency.
Solar · The Congressional Solar Caucus is a bipartisan United States House of Representatives caucus whose members "work on a bipartisan basis to find common ground to tackle issues facing solar business and communities" The caucus was started in February 2018, during the 115th Congress, by Representatives Raja Krishnamoorthi (D-IL) and Ralph Norman (R-SC).
Wind · Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, tidal, hydro, biomass, and geothermal have become significant sectors of the energy market. The rapid growth of these sources in the 21st century has been prompted by the increasing costs and environmental impact of fossil fuels, which has led to a proposed phase out of fossil fuel use.
Climate · Copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) is a I-III-VI2 semiconductor material composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium. The material is a solid solution of copper indium selenide (often abbreviated "CIS") and copper gallium selenide. It has a chemical formula of CuIn1−xGaxSe2, where the value of x can vary from 0 (pure copper indium selenide) to 1 (pure copper gallium selenide). CIGS is a tetrahedrally bonded semiconductor, with the chalcopyrite crystal structure, and a bandgap varying continuously with x from about 1.0 eV (for copper indium selenide) to about 1.7 eV (for copper gallium selenide).
Solar · A copper indium gallium selenide solar cell is a type of thin-film solar cell. It is manufactured by depositing a thin layer of copper indium gallium selenide solid solution on glass or plastic backing, along with electrodes on the front and back to collect electric current. Because the material has a high absorption coefficient and strongly absorbs sunlight, a much thinner film is required than of other semiconductor materials.
Climate · A Criegee intermediate is a carbonyl oxide with two charge centers. These chemicals may react with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the Earth's atmosphere, and are implicated in the formation of aerosols, which are an important factor in controlling global climate. Criegee intermediates are also an important source of OH. OH radicals are the most important oxidant in the troposphere, and are important in controlling air quality and pollution.
Climate · Critical raw materials (CRM), also referred to as critical materials or critical minerals, are raw materials designated by governments as critical for their economies. As definitions vary from country to country there is no detailed consensus of what a critical mineral is. Recurrent in various definitions is that critical minerals are important for national economies and national security and that they have vulnerable supply chains. To a lesser extent some definitions mention the role of critical minerals in science, new technologies and energy transition.
Climate · CrossBoundary Energy Limited is an investment company that invests in renewable energy projects in Africa. It focuses on the supply of electricity to commercial and industrial consumers. The firm is a subsidiary of the CrossBoundary Group.
Climate · Crosswind kite power is power derived from airborne wind-energy conversion systems or crosswind kite power systems (CWKPS). The kite system is characterized by energy-harvesting parts flying transversely to the direction of the ambient wind, i.e., to crosswind mode; sometimes the entire wing set and tether set are flown in crosswind mode. From toy to power-grid-feeding sizes, these systems may be used as high-altitude wind power (HAWP) devices or low-altitude wind power (LAWP) devices without having to use towers. Flexible wings or rigid wings may be used in the kite system. A tethered wing, flying in crosswind at many times wind speed, harvests wind power from an area that exceeds the wing's total area by many times.
EV · The Cummins Aeos is a concept electric-powered semi-truck tractor unit, an Urban Hauler Tractor, designed by Cummins. The vehicle is named after Aeos, the flying horse, one of four, of Greek mythology that pulled the chariot of the god Helios across the sky; and the Sun with it. It is the first fully electric heavy-duty truck revealed to the public, and the first electric model from Cummins. The aerodynamic semi truck body was designed by Cummins partner Roush Industries, while Cummins focused on the battery and driveline systems.
Climate · Cyclability is the degree of ease of bicycle circulation. A greater degree of cyclability in cities is related, among others, to benefits for people's health, lower levels of air and noise pollution, improved fluidity of traffic or increased productivity.
Climate · Cycling, also known as bicycling or biking, is the activity of riding a bicycle or other types of pedal-driven human-powered vehicles such as balance bikes, unicycles, tricycles, and quadricycles. Cycling is practised around the world for purposes including transport, recreation, exercise, and competitive sport.
Climate · A cycling ecosystem refers to the set of associated infrastructures and services, such as cycling networks, parking facilities, shops, repair shops, and integration with other modes of transport; the actors directly involved, such as cyclists, cycling organizations, and companies in the sector; institutional frameworks, including public policies, legislation, and the degree of involvement of public administrations; sociocultural factors, such as social attitudes, cultural elements, and common practices among the population; as well as technological components, such as applications, electrification solutions, and new bicycle designs. Together, these elements interact and shape the environment in which cycling develops as a means of daily transport, a recreational activity, or a sport. This concept highlights the interdependence among all these components, which facilitate, regulate, and promote cycling within a given territory or community.
Climate · A cycling, cycle, bicycle or bike network is the set of interconnected bikeways within a territory. It is composed of all routes adapted for bicycle traffic, as well as all supporting facilities that make bicycle use functional, such as parking areas, repair stations, or bike-sharing systems.
Climate · Cycle logistics, cargo bike logistics, bike logistics or cyclologistics is a form of freight transport and distribution that uses cargo bicycles or tricycles, with or without electric assistance, to carry out logistics activities, mainly in urban environments. This model can be used both for personal purposes and for professional delivery services, and it is considered part of urban logistics. Its application is particularly relevant in the so-called last mile, that is, the final stage of the transport of goods from a distribution center to the final recipient.
EV · The UFE-III is a mini-hybrid concept car being developed by Daihatsu. The vehicle can transport three people. The hybrid system comprises a 660-cubic centimeter direct-injection gasoline engine, two motors, and a nickel–metal hydride battery. Daihatsu estimates the UFE-III's fuel economy at 72 kilometres per litre (170 mpg‑US). The body is in polymer and ultra-light aluminum with a canopy door and pointed LED headlamps. The UFE-III has an aerodynamic drag coefficient (Cd) of 0.168 and is controlled by steer-by-wire technology. Third generation of the "Ultra Fuel Economy" UFE, it was first shown in October 2005 at the Tokyo Motor Show.
Climate · Daktylios is the name given to the road space rationing or alternate-day travel developed for Athens during the late 1970s. Unlike congestion pricing systems, it does not operate on the basis of drivers paying fees for entering the city centre. Instead, it depends on the parity of the date and of the vehicle's registration plate, the vehicle type as well as the time of the week/month. There are two Daktylios areas.
EV · Dancer Bus is an electric bus designed and produced by Vėjo Projektai UAB in Klaipėda, Lithuania. The electric bus is manufactured of composite materials, including recycled PET bottles. The vehicle is 12 metres (39 ft) long, equipped ZF electric drive. In-wheel traction motors are currently in development. Fully charged bus can ride a distance of up to 90 kilometres (56 mi). The lithium-titanate battery fully charges in less than 10 minutes. The capacity is 93 passengers with 32 seats and one space for a wheelchair. The bus is certified in the European Union. In April 2020, two buses were purchased by the Klaipėda City Municipality to be used for public transportation.
Climate · The decarbonization of shipping is an ongoing goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from shipping to net-zero by or around 2050, championed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). As of 2025 maritime transport emits 3% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) but that could rise to 10% by 2050. The IMO has an initial strategy that includes lowering, or limiting, the combustion of fossil fuels for power and propulsion to limit emission of carbon dioxide ; development of alternative fuels such as green ammonia, hydrogen, and biofuels to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and adopting digital technologies to increase vessel efficiency; and reducing emissions by 40% by 2030. However in 2025 proposed IMO regulations aiming to reduce the GHG intensity of ship fuel, and the world's first global mandatory charge on GHG emissions, were blocked by the United States and Saudi Arabia.
Climate · A decarbonization pathway is a way for something, such as a country or energy system, to reach a greenhouse gas emissions target, such as net zero by 2050. Nineteen of the G20 countries have announced net-zero targets for this time frame. Decarbonization pathways aim to limit climate change, and include technology, economy and policy.
Climate · Deep water source cooling (DWSC) or deep water air cooling is a form of air cooling for process and comfort space cooling which uses a large body of naturally cold water as a heat sink. It uses water at 4 to 10 °C drawn from deep areas within lakes, oceans, aquifers or rivers, which is pumped through the one side of a heat exchanger, which cools warm water on the other side of the exchanger.
Battery · A deep-cycle battery is a battery designed to be regularly deeply discharged using most of its capacity. The term is traditionally mainly used for lead–acid batteries in the same form factor as automotive batteries; and contrasted with starter or cranking automotive batteries designed to deliver only a small part of their capacity in a short, high-current burst for starting an engine.
EV · In the Back to the Future franchise, the DeLorean time machine is a time travel vehicle constructed from a retrofitted DMC DeLorean. Its time travel ability is derived from the "flux capacitor", a component that allows the car to travel to the past or future. This occurs when the car accelerates to 88 miles per hour and requires 1.21 gigawatts of electricity.
EV · The Denza D9 is a battery electric and plug-in hybrid minivan produced and manufactured by Chinese brand Denza, a premium marque of BYD Auto. It debuted in May 2022 as the first Denza model after the brand's restructuring. It is built on BYD's e-Platform 3.0 structure for the EV model, and the DM-i platform for the plug-in hybrid model.
Hydrogen · Direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFCs) are a subcategory of alkaline fuel cells which are directly fed by sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride as a fuel and either air/oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. DBFCs are relatively new types of fuel cells which are currently in the developmental stage and are attractive due to their high operating potential in relation to other type of fuel cells. Recently, DBFCs that rival proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in peak power but operating at double the voltage have been reported.
Hydrogen · A Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) is a fuel cell that uses a carbon rich material as a fuel such as bio-mass or coal. The cell produces energy by combining carbon and oxygen, which releases carbon dioxide as a by-product. It is also called coal fuel cells (CFCs), carbon-air fuel cells (CAFCs), direct carbon/coal fuel cells (DCFCs), and DC-SOFC.
Hydrogen · Direct methanol fuel cells or DMFCs are a subcategory of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells in which methanol is used as the fuel and a special proton-conducting polymer as the membrane (PEM). Their main advantage is in their low temperature operations and the ease of the transport of methanol, an energy-dense yet reasonably stable liquid at all environmental conditions.
Hydrogen · Direct-ethanol fuel cells or DEFCs are a category of fuel cell in which ethanol is fed directly into the cell. They have been used as a model to investigate a range of fuel cell concepts including the use of PEM.
Battery · Dispersed particle resistance (DPR) is a measured parameter to characterize battery active materials. It is seen as an indicator of lithium-ion battery active material rate capability. It is the slope of voltage-current linear fit for active material samples in suspensions. It can be obtained by applying different voltages on a suspension and measuring the currents, after which the data points are plotted. The slope of the plot is referred to as dispersed particle resistance. It can also be done in the opposite way where different currents are applied and voltages are measured. The key advantage of this dispersed particle resistance technique is fast and accurate comparing with the conventional characterization method for which batteries need to be fabricated and tested for a long time.
Climate · Distributed generation, also distributed energy, on-site generation (OSG), or district/decentralized energy, is electrical generation and storage performed by a variety of small, grid-connected or distribution system-connected devices referred to as distributed energy resources (DER).
EV · The Dongfeng Succe (帅客) or Dongfeng Yumsun is a compact MPV produced by Zhengzhou Nissan Automobile, a subsidiary of Dongfeng Motor Co., Ltd.
Wind · The Donghai Bridge Wind Farm is a 102 MW offshore wind farm close to the Donghai Bridge, Shanghai and is capable of powering 200,000 households. It started producing and transmitting power to the mainland grid on July 6, 2010. It is the first commercial offshore wind farm in China.
Climate · Dongtan was a planned development described as an eco-city on the island of Chongming in Shanghai, China that was never built. Design began in 2005, and by 2010 the development had stalled. Adjacent to booming Shanghai, designers claimed Dongtan would be the world's first truly sustainable new urban development. Dongtan was presented at the United Nations World Urban Forum by China as an example of a purpose-built eco-city.
Battery · The Drake Landing Solar Community (DLSC) was a planned community in Okotoks, Alberta, Canada, equipped with a central solar heating system and other energy efficient technologies. This heating system is the first of its kind in North America, although much larger systems have been built in northern Europe. The 52 homes in the community are heated with a solar district heating system that is charged with heat originating from solar collectors on the garage roofs and is enabled for year-round heating by underground seasonal thermal energy storage (STES).
Climate · Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming is a 2017 book created, written, and edited by Paul Hawken about climate change mitigation. Other writers include Katharine Wilkinson, and the foreword was written by Tom Steyer and (paperback) Prince Charles.
Battery · A dry-seal Wiggins gasholder is a device designed to hold gas. Designed by John Wiggins in 1936, it was first manufactured in 1940 and achieved widespread use across the USA.
EV · The DS No. 8 is a battery electric crossover SUV with a sloping roofline by DS Automobiles unveiled on 12 December 2024, and production commenced in Melfi, Italy in April 2025.
Battery · A dual carbon battery is a type of battery that uses graphite as both its cathode and anode material. Compared to lithium-ion batteries, dual-ion batteries (DIBs) require less energy and emit less CO2 during production, have a reduced reliance on critical materials such as Ni or Co, and are more easily recyclable.
Solar · A Dyson sphere is a hypothetical megastructure that encompasses a star and captures a large percentage of its power output. The concept is a thought experiment that attempts to imagine how a spacefaring civilization would meet its energy requirements once those requirements exceed what can be generated from the home planet's resources alone. Because only a tiny fraction of a star's energy emissions reaches the surface of any orbiting planet, building structures encircling a star would enable a civilization to harvest far more energy.
EV · The E4U is a single-person road vehicle, produced by Hyundai.
EV · The EasyMile EZ10 is a battery-powered autonomous electric bus designed and marketed by EasyMile. It seats up to six people and four more passengers may ride standing, or it can accommodate a wheelchair, with the aim of helping to bridge the first mile/last mile of a trip. EZ10 has been deployed in more than 30 cities and 16 countries.
Charging · ECOtality, Inc., headquartered in San Francisco, California, was an electric transportation and storage technologies company. ECOtality was the parent company of ECOtality North America, Innergy Power Corporation, Fuel Cell Store and ECOtality Australia Pty Ltd.
Battery · Ecoult was an energy storage company based out of Australia.
Solar · Edgard Nazare (1914–1998) was a French aeronautical engineer and inventor.
Climate · E-diesel is a synthetic diesel fuel for use in automobiles. Currently, e-diesel is created at two sites: by an Audi research facility Germany in partnership with a company named Sunfire, and in Texas. The fuel is created from carbon dioxide, water, and electricity with a process powered by renewable energy sources to create a liquid energy carrier called blue crude which is then refined to generate e-diesel. E-diesel is considered to be a carbon-neutral fuel as it does not extract new carbon and the energy sources to drive the process are from carbon-neutral sources.
Battery · FuelPositive Corporation is a company based in Cedar Park, Texas, United States that claims to have developed a solid state polymer capacitor for electricity storage. The company claims the device stores more energy than lithium-ion batteries at a lower cost than lead-acid batteries used in gasoline-powered cars. Such a device would revolutionize the electric car industry. Many experts believe these claims are not realistic and EEStor has yet to publicly demonstrate these claims. The corporate slogan is "Energy Everywhere".
Climate · Climate change effects on tropical regions includes changes in marine ecosystems, human livelihoods, biodiversity, degradation of tropical rainforests and effects the environmental stability in these areas. Climate change is characterized by alterations in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events. Tropical areas, located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, are known for their warm temperatures, high biodiversity, and distinct ecosystems, including rainforests, coral reefs, and mangroves.
Climate · E-gasoline or E-benzin is a synthetic fuel created by Audi for use in automobiles. Audi is developing the fuel together with Global Bioenergies S.A. E-gasoline is essentially a liquid isooctane fuel and it is considered to be a carbon-neutral fuel. The fuel is sulfur- and benzene-free.
EV · EKA Mobility is an Indian electric vehicle manufacturer headquartered in Pune, Maharashtra.
EV · An electric bus is a bus that is propelled using electric motors, as opposed to a conventional internal combustion engine. Electric buses can store the needed electrical energy on board, or be fed mains electricity continuously from an external source such as overhead lines. The majority of buses using on-board energy storage are battery electric buses, where the electric motor obtains energy from an onboard battery pack, although examples of other storage modes do exist, such as the gyrobus that uses flywheel energy storage. When electricity is not stored on board, it is supplied by contact with outside power supplies, for example, via a current collector, or with a ground-level power supply, or through inductive charging.
EV · Mosgortrans operate the second largest electric bus fleet in Europe behind of London's fleet. As of December 2025, there are over 2700 electric buses operating in Moscow. As of January 2024, they have carried over 400 million passengers. As of July 2024, electric buses serve over 130 routes. The fleet consists of around 1900 KAMAZ-6282 buses, around 470 LiAZ-6274 buses, around 350 KAMAZ-52222 buses and as well as electric minibuses.
EV · An electric car or electric vehicle (EV) is an automobile that uses electrical energy as the primary source of propulsion. The term normally refers to a plug-in electric vehicle, typically a battery electric vehicle (BEV), which only uses energy stored in on-board battery packs, but broadly may also include plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), range-extended electric vehicle (REEV) and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), which can convert electric power from other fuels via a generator or a fuel cell.
EV · Electric car use by country varies worldwide, as the adoption of plug-in electric vehicles is affected by consumer demand, market prices, availability of charging infrastructure, and government policies, such as purchase incentives and long term regulatory signals.
EV · Electric platform trucks are electric powered trucks with a large flat surface for holding objects to be transported. Some are also called warehouse utility vehicles, electric trolley carts, or powered platform truck vehicles. Electric platform trucks can vary greatly in size, from large ride-on utility vehicles, to much smaller pedestrian operated trolleys. Electric tugs can be combined with nonpowered carts or hand trucks to achieve the same result.
EV · An electric truck is a battery electric vehicle (BEV) designed to transport cargo, carry specialized payloads, or perform other utilitarian work.
EV · An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle propelled mostly by electric power. EVs encompass road, rail, boats and submersibles, aircraft and spacecraft.
Battery · An electric vehicle battery is a rechargeable battery used to power the electric motors of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
Charging · An electric vehicle charging network is an infrastructure system of charging stations to recharge electric vehicles. The term electric vehicle infrastructure (EVI) may refer to charging stations in general or the network of charging stations across a nation or region. Charging network tend to operate through shared systems of access, payment, and service
Battery · The electric vehicle supply chain comprises the mining and refining of raw materials and the manufacturing processes that produce batteries and other components for electric vehicles.
Charging · Electrify America, LLC is an electric vehicle DC fast-charging network in the United States, with more than 950 stations and over 4,250 DC fast charging connectors as of August 2024. It is a subsidiary of Volkswagen Group of America, established in late 2016 by the automaker as part of its efforts to offset emissions in the wake of the Volkswagen emissions scandal. Volkswagen invested $2 billion in creating Electrify America. In June 2022, Siemens became a minority shareholder of the company. Electrify America supports the CCS and CHAdeMO connector types with plans to add NACS connectors starting in 2025. Electrify America has been the target of significant criticism for the lack of reliability and maintenance of its stations.
Charging · Electrify Canada is a corporation formed by Electrify America and Volkswagen Group to build electric vehicle (EV) direct current (DC) charging infrastructure in Canada.
EV · The Electriquette was an electric vehicle with a two-person bench seat and exterior made of rattan (wicker). The vehicle was an early form of battery-powered motorized wheelchair or cart, and it utilized a motor manufactured by General Electric. At the 1915 Panama–California Exposition in San Diego, California, the Electriquette could be rented for $1.00 per hour. A variation of the vehicle was later manufactured for disabled veterans of World War I. No original chairs are known to have survived, but in 2016 new chairs were designed and reintroduced to Balboa Park in San Diego.
Hydrogen · An electro-galvanic fuel cell is an electrochemical device which consumes a fuel to produce an electrical output by a chemical reaction. One form of electro-galvanic fuel cell based on the oxidation of lead is commonly used to measure the concentration of oxygen gas in underwater diving and medical breathing gases.
Hydrogen · Water electrolysis is a term for processes that use electricity to convert liquid water (H2O) into gaseous hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). The hydrogen produced by electrolysis can be used as fuel or as an industrial feedstock, most notably for the production of fertilizers. Because the underlying chemical reaction (water splitting) does not produce greenhouse gases, the emissions footprint of electrolysis can be lower than technologies that produce hydrogen from fossil fuels (e.g. steam reforming). Maximizing the electrical efficiency and minimizing the material cost of electrolysis is a key research problem in contemporary chemical engineering, electrochemistry, and materials science.
Hydrogen · An electroosmotic pump is used for generating flow or pressure by use of an electric field. One application of this is removing liquid flooding water from channels and gas diffusion layers and direct hydration of the proton exchange membrane in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Additionally, electroosmotic pumps have gained significant attention due to their potential applications in microfluidic channels, lab-on-a-chip devices, and biomedical engineering.
Charging · Elektromotive was a British company, acquired by Chargemaster in 2017, specialising in the manufacture and installation of charging infrastructure for electric cars and other electric vehicles, using their trade name of Elektrobay. The company had partnerships with corporations including EDF Energy and Mercedes-Benz to supply charging posts and data services.
Charging · Elmacken is a Swedish electric vehicle charging network based in Småland. The chain's two largest charging stations are located in central Smålandsstenar and Gislaved, in the Smålandia shopping area.
Climate · One way of attributing greenhouse gas emissions is to measure the embedded emissions of goods that are being consumed. This is different from the question of to what extent the policies of one country to reduce emissions affect emissions in other countries. The UNFCCC measures emissions according to production, rather than consumption. Consequently, embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the exporting, rather than the importing, country. The question of whether to measure emissions on production instead of consumption is partly an issue of equity, i.e., who is responsible for emissions.
Charging · Endesa, S.A. is a Spanish multinational electric utility company, the largest in the country. The firm, a majority-owned subsidiary of the Italian utility company Enel, has 10 million customers in Spain, with domestic annual generation of over 97,600 GWh from nuclear, fossil-fueled, hydroelectric, and renewable resource power plants. Internationally, it serves another 10 million customers and provides over 80,100 GWh annually. Total customers numbered 22.2 million as of December 31, 2004. It also markets energy in Europe. The company has additional interests in Spanish natural gas and telecommunications companies.
Battery · An energy carrier is a substance (fuel) or sometimes a phenomenon that contains energy that can be later converted to other forms such as mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or physical processes.
Battery · This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page.
Climate · Energy forecasting includes forecasting demand (load) and price of electricity, fossil fuels and renewable energy sources. Forecasting can be both expected price value and probabilistic forecasting.
Climate · The Energy Hierarchy is a classification of energy options, prioritised to assist progress towards a more sustainable energy system. It is a similar approach to the waste hierarchy for minimising resource depletion, and adopts a parallel sequence.
Climate · Energy in Common (EIC) was a not-for-profit organization issuing microloans specifically and only for renewable energy technologies. It operated between 2009 and 2013 when it suspended its lending activity due to a lack of funds.
Climate · The Energy Revolution was a campaign through which Cuba attempted to decarbonize its economy. It was announced by Fidel Castro on July 26, 2005, in the wake of massive disruption to Cuba's electric grid during Hurricane Dennis, during a speech commemorating the attack on Moncada Barracks. The campaign attempted to decentralize Cuban electricity infrastructure. It replaced durable household goods with more energy efficient models, and increased the use of renewable energy resources. However, As of 2026, Cuba remains dependent on imported oil. Cuba burns 100,000 barrels of oil daily to supply electricity, with small contributions from other sources.
Battery · Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later time to reduce imbalances between energy demand and energy production. A device that stores energy is generally called an accumulator or battery. Energy comes in multiple forms including radiation, chemical, gravitational potential, electrical potential, electricity, elevated temperature, latent heat, potential and kinetic. Energy storage involves converting energy from forms that are difficult to store to more conveniently or economically storable forms.
Battery · Energy storage as a service (ESaaS) allows a facility to benefit from the advantages of an energy storage system by entering into a service agreement without purchasing the system. Energy storage systems provide a range of services to generate revenue, create savings, and improve electricity resiliency. The operation of the ESaaS system is a unique combination of an advanced battery storage system, an energy management system, and a service contract which can deliver value to a business by providing reliable power more economically.
Battery · Energy Vault is a global energy storage company specializing in gravity and kinetic energy based, long-duration energy storage products. Energy Vault's primary product is a gravity battery to store energy by stacking heavy blocks made of composite material into a structure, capturing potential energy in the elevation gain of the blocks. When demand for electricity is high, these blocks are lowered with the motors functioning as generators and delivering electricity to the grid.
Charging · EnergyBus connectors are used for charging electric bicycles and pedelecs within Europe. The connector is circular in shape and specified for charging light electric vehicles at up to 1.5 kilowatts. Electric power is provided at 12–48 volts direct current (DC) so that any battery charger can charge any rechargeable battery.
Climate · Environmental change is one of the most squeezing worldwide difficulties within recent memory, and Nigeria, as Africa's most crowded country and perhaps of its biggest economy, has chosen to address the issue through environment strategy and administration drives.
Wind · The environmental impact of electricity generation from wind power is minor when compared to that of fossil fuel power. Wind power consumes no fuel, and emits no air pollution, unlike fossil fuels. Wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electricity generated: far less greenhouse gas is emitted than for the average unit of electricity, so wind power helps limit climate change. Emissions from production of a turbine are recouped in less than a year of operation, as it replaces gas or coal power.
Battery · Lithium batteries are batteries that use lithium as an anode. This type of battery is also referred to as a lithium-ion battery and is most commonly used for electric vehicles and electronics.
Hydrogen · An enzymatic biofuel cell is a specific type of fuel cell that uses enzymes as a catalyst to oxidize its fuel, rather than precious metals. Enzymatic biofuel cells, while currently confined to research facilities, are widely prized for the promise they hold in terms of their relatively inexpensive components and fuels, as well as a potential power source for bionic implants.
Charging · EO Charging (EO) is a British company that provides technology-enabled charging infrastructure for electric vehicle fleets. It designs and manufactures EV charging stations and hardware-agnostic cloud-based charge point management software. The company was founded in 2014 and is headquartered in the UK.
Battery · The equivalent circuit model (ECM) is a common lumped-element model for Lithium-ion battery cells. The ECM simulates the terminal voltage dynamics of a Li-ion cell through an equivalent electrical network composed of passive elements, such as resistors and capacitors, and a voltage generator. The ECM is semi-mechanical and semi-empirical model. It is widely employed in several application fields, including computerized simulation, because of its simplicity, reliability, its low computational demand, its ease of characterization and implementation, and its structural flexibility. These features make the ECM suitable for real-time Battery Management System (BMS) tasks like State of Charge (SoC) estimation, State of Health (SoH) monitoring and battery thermal management.
EV · The European Battery Alliance (EBA) is Europe's plan to create its own competitive and sustainable battery cell manufacturing value chain. Its purpose is to ensure that Europe benefits from the technological evolution in the Electric Vehicle Market and beyond. The action plan includes cleaner and more sustainable vehicles as well as safer traffic operations across Europe.
Hydrogen · The European integrated Hydrogen Project (EIHP) was a European Union project to integrate United Nations Economic Commission for Europe guidelines and create a basis of ECE regulation of hydrogen vehicles and the necessary infrastructure replacing national legislation and regulations. The aim of this project was enhancing of the safety of hydrogen vehicles and harmonizing their licensing and approval process.
Solar · The European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition is an international scientific conference and industry exhibition in the solar energy industry. The event covers developments in different aspects of photovoltaics, including science, technology, systems, finance, policies, and markets. The conference topics include the spectrum of photovoltaics value chain, such as policy considerations and foundational aspects.
EV · The Evetta is a small Isetta-inspired electric car produced by the German company Electric Brands. It was presented to the public at the 2022 International Motor Show Germany.
Charging · EVgo Inc. is an electric vehicle fast charging network in the United States, with more than 950 charging locations as of August 2023. The company's charge stations are located in 35 states and are compatible with all major auto manufacturers.
Battery · Exergonix Inc is an energy storage company based in Kansas City, Missouri. It was founded in 2010, after spinning out of Kokam America, Inc., which was acquired by Dow Chemical Company in 2009. Exergonix develops grid energy storage to supply peak-shaving, demand management, and smart grid capabilities to the grid and microgrid.
Charging · A fast charging network, or more specifically an HPC charging network, is a network of publicly accessible fast charging stations for electric vehicles. A fast charging network is a subtype of an electric vehicle charging network.
Charging · Fastned is a Dutch company that owns and operates a growing fast charging network of over 400 stations with over 2,660 EV charging stations charge spots in the Netherlands, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. A large majority of its stations are located at Dutch highway rest areas. Fastned was founded in 2012.
Battery · Feolite is a type of iron oxide sintered into building blocks, which are then used for heat storage.
Hydrogen · Fermentative hydrogen production is the fermentative conversion of organic substrates to H2. Hydrogen produced in this manner is often called biohydrogen. The conversion is affected by bacteria and protozoa, which employ enzymes. Fermentative hydrogen production is one of several anaerobic conversions.
Solar · Financial incentives for photovoltaics are incentives offered to electricity consumers to install and operate solar-electric generating systems, also known as photovoltaics (PV).
Battery · A fireless locomotive is a type of locomotive which uses reciprocating engines powered from a reservoir of compressed air or steam, which is filled at intervals from an external source. They offer advantages over conventional steam locomotives of lower cost per unit, cleanliness, and decreased risk from fire or boiler explosion; these are counterbalanced by the need for a source to refill the locomotive, and by the limited range afforded by the reservoir.
Climate · First Mode is a multinational decarbonization company that designs, manufactures, and distributes hybrid battery systems and hydrogen fuel cell technologies for heavy duty mining and rail vehicles, along with hydrogen refueling equipment.
Battery · FlexGen is a United States energy storage technology company. The company is headquartered in Durham, North Carolina and was founded in 2009.
Battery · Flexible batteries are batteries, both primary and secondary, that are designed to be conformal and flexible, unlike traditional rigid ones. They can maintain their characteristic shape even against continual bending or twisting. The increasing interest in portable and flexible electronics has led to the development of flexible batteries which can be implemented in products such as smart cards, wearable electronics, novelty packaging, flexible displays and transdermal drug delivery patches. The advantages of flexible batteries are their conformability, light weight, and portability, which makes them easy to be implemented in products such as flexible and wearable electronics. Hence efforts are underway to make different flexible power sources including primary and rechargeable batteries with high energy density and good flexibility.
Solar · Floating solar or floating photovoltaics (FPV), sometimes called floatovoltaics, are solar panels mounted on a structure that floats. The structures that hold the panels usually consist of plastic buoys and cables. They are then placed on a body of water.
Hydrogen · A flow battery, or redox flow battery, is a type of electrochemical cell where chemical energy is provided by two chemical components dissolved in liquids that are pumped through the system on separate sides of a membrane. Ion transfer inside the cell occurs across the membrane while the liquids circulate in their respective spaces.
Battery · Flywheel energy storage (FES) works by spinning a rotor (flywheel) and maintaining the energy in the system as rotational energy. When energy is extracted from the system, the flywheel's rotational speed is reduced as a consequence of the principle of conservation of energy; adding energy to the system correspondingly results in an increase in the speed of the flywheel. While some systems use low mass/high speed rotors, other use very massive rotors and correspondingly much lower rotational speeds, referred to as grid-scale flywheel energy storage. Other designs employ high-speed rotors that operate at tens of thousands of revolutions per minute.
Battery · A flywheel-storage power system uses a flywheel for grid energy storage, and can be a comparatively small storage facility with a peak power of up to 20 MW. It typically is used to stabilize to some degree power grids, to help them stay on the grid frequency, and to serve as a short-term compensation storage. Unlike common storage power plants, such as the pumped storage power plants with capacities up to 1000 MWh, the benefits from flywheel storage power plants can be obtained with a facility in the range of a few kWh to several tens of MWh. They are comparable in this application with battery storage power plants.
Wind · Focke's wind tunnel is a fully operational wind tunnel in the former private laboratory of the aviation pioneer Henrich Focke (1890–1979), co-founder of Focke-Wulf and designer of the first fully controllable helicopter, the Focke-Wulf Fw 61. Henrich Focke built the laboratory in 1960 at the age of 70 in the city of Bremen. Until shortly before his death, in 1979, Focke continued aerodynamic studies in slow flight characteristics and the stability problem of helicopters. The rediscovery of his aerodynamic laboratory, together with its wind tunnel was regarded as a sensation for science and technology. Since 2004, the technical monument Focke Flight Laboratory is protected by law.
EV · The Foday Lion F22 is a mid-size pickup truck that is manufactured and sold by Foday. It is based on the same platform as the Foday Landfort SUV and was rebadged as the SAF Striker, Dongfeng Yufeng P16 and Dayun Pika. An electric version called the Kandi K32 was produced by Kandi Technologies from November 2021 for the North American market.
Climate · Forest reference emission levels (FRELs) and related forest reference levels (FRLs) are benchmarks used under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for assessing performance in REDD+ implementation. They are expressed as tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per year for a reference period and compared with emissions and removals reported for a results period.
Battery · Form Energy is an American energy storage company focused on developing energy storage systems to enable a year-round electric grid. Form Energy's first commercial product is a rechargeable iron-air battery capable of cost-effectively storing electricity for 100 hours at a time.
Hydrogen · Formic acid fuel cells (direct formic acid fuel cells or DFAFCs) are a subcategory of direct liquid-feed fuel cells (DLFCs), in which the liquid fuel is directly oxidized (electrochemically) at the anode instead of reforming to produce hydrogen. Formic acid-based fuel cells represent a promising energy supply system in terms of high volumetric energy density, theoretical energy efficiency, and theoretical open-circuit voltage. They are also able to overcome certain problems inherent to traditional hydrogen (H2) feed fuel cells such as safe handling, storage, and H2 transportation.
Solar · The Formula Sun Grand Prix (FSGP) is an annual solar-car race that takes place on closed-loop race tracks. In the race, teams from colleges and universities throughout North America design, build, test, and race solar-powered vehicles.
Climate · The Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative is a joint diplomatic and civil society campaign to create a treaty to stop fossil fuel exploration and expansion and phase-out existing production in line with the targets of the Paris Climate Agreement, while supporting a just transition to renewable energy.
Charging · Francis Energy is an electric vehicle DC fast charging station network in the United States, with 154 charging stations in the United States as of November 2023, with plans to develop charging stations in 30 states. The company was founded in 2015 in Tulsa, Oklahoma by David Jankowsky, taking the name of Francis Oil and Gas, an oil and gas exploration company founded by Jankowsky's great-grandfather.
Battery · Franklin bells are an early demonstration of electric charge designed to work with a Leyden jar or a lightning rod. Franklin bells are only a qualitative indicator of electric charge and were used for simple demonstrations rather than research. The bells are an adaptation to the first device that converted electrical energy into mechanical energy in the form of continuous mechanical motion: in this case, the moving of a bell clapper back and forth between two oppositely charged bells.
Solar · The Frisian Solar Boat Challenge is a 137 miles (220 km) solar boat race.
Climate · Frontier Climate is an advance market commitment (AMC) that aggregates buyer demand to purchase permanent carbon dioxide removal (CDR) through 2030. It was launched on 12 April 2022 by Stripe, Alphabet, Shopify, Meta and McKinsey Sustainability with an initial target of over US$1 billion in purchases. Frontier operates through Delaware public benefit limited liability companies that are subsidiaries of Stripe, Inc.
Hydrogen · A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidizing agent into electricity through a pair of redox reactions. Fuel cells are different from most batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy usually comes from substances that are already present in the battery. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied.
Hydrogen · A fuel cell auxiliary power unit (FC-APU) is a fuel cell based auxiliary power unit on a vehicle that provides energy for functions other than propulsion. They are mainly used in trucking, aviation, marine and recreational vehicles.
Hydrogen · The Fuel Cell Development Information Center is a Japanese non-profit organisation established in July 1986 to facilitate the exchange of information on fuel cell research, development, and deployment among its members. It is headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.
Hydrogen · A fuel cell power plant is a power station or distributed generation system that uses fuel cells to generate electricity. Unlike a conventional thermal power plant, which generates electricity by burning fuel to produce mechanical work, a fuel cell converts chemical energy into electricity through an electrochemical reaction. Fuel cell power plants may be connected to the electrical grid, used as on-site power systems, or configured for combined heat and power.
Wind · Full Load hour is a measure of the degree of utilisation of a technical system. Full load hours refer to the time for which a plant would have to be operated at nominal power in order to convert the same amount of electrical work as the plant has actually converted within a defined period of time, during which breaks in operation or partial load operation can also occur. The figure usually refers to a period of one calendar year and is mainly applied to power plants.
Battery · Fuse Energy Technologies Corporation is a U.S.-based fusion defense company that provides radiation testing services for national security customers as a path to commercial fusion power. It builds advanced radiation machines to test the resilience of governments and commercial hardware through short bursts of radiation. Fuse is also developing a fusion generator able to deliver clean energy. It was founded by J.C. Btaiche in 2019 and is headquartered in San Leandro, California.
Climate · FutureGen was a project to demonstrate capture and sequestration of waste carbon dioxide from a coal-fired electrical generating station. The project (renamed FutureGen 2.0) was retrofitting a shuttered coal-fired power plant in Meredosia, Illinois, with oxy-combustion generators. The waste CO2 would be piped approximately 30 miles (48 km) to be sequestered in underground saline formations. FutureGen was a partnership between the United States government and an alliance of primarily coal-related corporations. Costs were estimated at US$1.65 billion, with $1.0 billion provided by the federal government.
Hydrogen · Gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) (known alternatively as gadolinia-doped ceria, gadolinium-doped cerium oxide (GCO), cerium-gadolinium oxide (CGO), or cerium(IV) oxide, gadolinium-doped, formula Gd:CeO2) is a ceramic electrolyte used in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). It has a cubic structure and a density of around 7.2 g/cm3 in its oxidised form. It is one of a class of ceria-doped electrolytes with higher ionic conductivity and lower operating temperatures (<700 °C) than those of yttria-stabilized zirconia, the material most commonly used in SOFCs. Because YSZ requires operating temperatures of 800–1000 °C to achieve maximal ionic conductivity, the associated energy and costs make GDC a more optimal (even "irreplaceable", according to researchers from the Fraunhofer Society) material for commercially viable SOFCs.
Hydrogen · Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) are electrodes with a conjunction of a solid, liquid and gaseous interface, and an electrical conducting catalyst supporting an electrochemical reaction between the liquid and the gaseous phase.
Climate · Gassnova SF is the Norwegian state enterprise for carbon capture and storage. Gassnova facilitates the development of technology and solutions to ensure cost-efficient and progressive solutions for capturing and storing CO2.
Charging · The GB/T charging standard, primarily the GB/T 20234, is a set of charging station standards used in China and Belarus for AC and DC fast charging of plug-in electric vehicles, known locally as "new-energy vehicles". The term "GB/T" is an abbreviation of "national standard recommended", meaning it is officially promoted as one of the National Standards of the People's Republic of China. The standards were revised and updated in 2015 by the Standardization Administration of China, and again in 2023 by China's National Automobile Standardization Technical Committee.
Wind · Generation on the Wind is a 1979 documentary film produced by David Vassar and Andrew Finley. The film is a character study centered on a rag tag group of young artists, mechanics and environmental activists who successfully built the largest electrical generating windmill in the world. The documentary required one year of shooting to finish the film. Generation on the Wind aired on PBS. It was then released to educational markets by Churchill Films.
EV · Gépébus is a trademarked private sector brand name for electric autobuses made by Power Vehicle Innovation for use in mass public transportation.
Solar · GivePower is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that develops clean water and energy systems in communities across the world. GivePower has installed 2,650 solar power installations in villages across 17 countries and in underdeveloped areas of the United States.
Climate · Glidden Doman was an American aeronautical engineer and pioneer in helicopters and modern wind turbines. He founded one of America's original six helicopter companies after making major contributions to the use of Sikorsky helicopters during World War II. Doman Helicopters' most prominent achievement was the Doman LZ-5/YH-31 eight-place helicopter, which received FAA certification on December 30, 1955. The unique feature of this helicopter was its hinge-less but gimbaled, tilting rotor hub that greatly reduced stress and vibration in the blades and the whole helicopter.
Solar · The Global Solar Atlas (GSA) is a free, online, map-based application that provides information on solar resource and photovoltaic power potential globally. It features the online interactive map tools, simplified photovoltaic (PV) power calculator, reporting tools and the extensive download section. It is intended to provide policy makers, academia, and renewable energy stakeholders to raise awareness in the solar energy domain, support the development of policies and plans, and for initial zoning and site identification purposes.
Wind · The Global Wind Atlas is a web-based application developed to help policymakers and investors identify potential high-wind areas for wind power generation virtually anywhere in the world, and perform preliminary calculations. It provides free access to data on wind power density and wind speed at multiple heights using the latest historical weather data and modeling, at an output resolution of 250 meters. It is owned and maintained by the Wind Energy Department of the Technical University of Denmark and in recent years has been developed in close partnership with the World Bank, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP).
Wind · Global Wind Day or World Wind Day is a worldwide event that is held on June 15. It is organised by WindEurope and GWEC. It is a day when wind energy is celebrated, information is exchanged and adults and children find out about wind energy, its power and the possibilities it holds to change the world.
Wind · The Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) was established in 2005 to provide a credible and representative forum for the entire wind energy sector at an international level. GWEC's mission is to ensure that wind power is established as one of the world's leading energy sources, providing substantial environmental and economic benefits.
EV · Gocycle is an electric bicycle manufactured by Karbon Kinetics Limited, a company founded in 2002 by Richard Thorpe. Thorpe is an industrial designer who formerly worked at the racing car company McLaren. The Gocycle features quick-release wheels that are designed to be easily interchanged, along with a fully enclosed chain, gearing and cabling system. Frame and wheels are molded magnesium and a flat pack storage and transport system allows the bicycle to be disassembled and carried in a case. The electric motor is powered by a rechargeable lithium-ion battery.
Climate · The Gorgon Carbon Dioxide Injection Project is part of the Gorgon Project, one of the world's largest natural gas projects. The Gorgon Project, located on Barrow Island in Western Australia, includes a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant, a domestic gas plant, and a Carbon Dioxide Injection Project.
Battery · Graphene foam is a solid, open-cell foam made of single-layer sheets of graphene. It is a candidate substrate for the electrode of lithium-ion batteries.
Hydrogen · Green hydrogen (GH2 or GH2) is hydrogen produced by the electrolysis of water using renewable electricity. Production of green hydrogen causes significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions than production of grey hydrogen, which is derived from fossil fuels without carbon capture.
EV · Green and Smart Mobility JSC, operating as as Green SM or redundantly Green GSM and formerly Xanh SM, is a taxi and ridesharing company in Vietnam. This company operates in two main fields: electric taxis and rental of electric cars and electric motorcycles from VinFast, with an investment scale of 10,000 cars and 100,000 motorcycles. It is the first all-electric taxi company in Vietnam.
Wind · Green Volt is a proposed offshore wind farm in the North Sea located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) off the East Coast of Scotland, which will use floating turbines. When consented in April 2024, it was the world's largest floating offshore wind farm at 560 MW from 35 turbines each rated at 16 MW. It is described as "Europe’s first commercial scale floating offshore wind farm". As of August 2025 its future is problematic as the cabling costs to shore increase, and islanded oil platforms have problems switching to unreliable renewable energy.
Charging · Greenlane is a commercial electric vehicle charging company building a nationwide network of public high-speed battery-electric fleet charging stations for medium and heavy-duty vehicles. They currently have one charging site open to the public in Colton that features 41 high-speed chargers. Those chargers include 400 kW chargers via pull-through lanes and 240 kW chargers via bobtail lanes.
EV · The GreenWheel is a modular electronic assist device for bicycles that fits inside the wheel of any standard bicycle and provides additional power above and beyond the power provided by the person pedaling.
Battery · Grid energy storage, also known as large-scale energy storage, is a set of technologies connected to the electrical power grid that store energy for later use. These systems help balance supply and demand by storing excess electricity from variable renewables such as solar and inflexible sources like nuclear power, releasing it when needed. They further provide essential grid services, such as helping to restart the grid after a power outage.
Charging · Gridserve Sustainable Energy Limited, stylised as GRIDSERVE, is a British company founded in 2017 to develop, own and operate critical infrastructure for sustainable energy production. Gridserve opened the UK's first all-electric car charging forecourt in 2020, with the second opening in April 2022 and plans to introduce several more in the coming years to charge electric vehicles with 100% renewable energy, supporting the UK's transition to carbon neutrality. The company capitalises its name.
Solar · Starting in 1992, the worldwide usage of photovoltaics (PV) increased exponentially. During this period, it evolved from a niche market of small-scale applications to a mainstream electricity source. From 2016 to 2022, PV has seen an annual capacity and production growth rate of around 26%, doubling approximately every three years.
Wind · The Guishan Offshore Windfarm is a 198MW offshore wind farm near Zhuhai in Guangdong province, China.
EV · A gyrobus is an electric bus that uses flywheel energy storage, not overhead wires like a trolleybus. The name comes from the Greek language term for flywheel, gyros. There are no gyrobuses currently in use commercially.
EV · Hankuk Fiber Primus is a low-floor bus manufactured by Hankuk Fiber, South Korean commercial vehicle manufacturer. It was discontinued in 2014 when its successor model, Fibird, was released. Because of its shape, the bus is also nicknamed the peanut bus (땅콩버스).
Climate · Heirloom Carbon Technologies is an American climate technology company that develops direct air capture technology for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The company uses a limestone-based process for carbon removal. In 2023, it opened air capture facility in Tracy, California, designed to capture 1,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide per year.
EV · The Heuliez GX 437 is a single-decker bus made by the French bus manufacturer Heuliez Bus designed for use in public transport, and is the articulated version of the Heuliez GX 337. The GX 437 is the successor to the Heuliez GX 427, which went out of production at the end of 2013. Diesel, Hybrid and Electric powered versions of the GX 437 exist.
Battery · A High capacity oceanographic lithium battery pack is a type of battery pack used by oceanographers. Physical Oceanographers use high capacity lithium battery packs for long term deployments to extend the duration of the deployments and gather more data. Oceanographers often work in far away sites that are difficult to get to. The cost of getting to these remote sites, often by ship, can dominate the cost of an investigation. This motivates oceanographers to extend the duration of their deployments so that they can visit them less often. This means, among other things, increasing the capacity of their battery packs.
Hydrogen · High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFC), also known as High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cells, are a type of PEM fuel cells which can be operated at temperatures between 120 and 200 °C. HT-PEM fuel cells are used for both stationary and portable applications. The HT-PEM fuel cell is usually supplied with hydrogen or a hydrogen-rich gas like reformate gas formed by the reforming of methanol, ethanol, natural gas or LPG.
Climate · HiPACT is a carbon capture and storage technology.
EV · Electric vehicles became possible in 1827 when Hungarian priest Ányos Jedlik built the first electric motor; the next year he used it to power a small model car powered by a non-rechargeable battery.
Battery · One of the earliest examples of research into lithium-ion batteries is a CuF2/Li battery developed by NASA in 1965. The breakthrough that produced the earliest form of the modern Li-ion battery was made by British chemist M. Stanley Whittingham in 1974, who first used titanium disulfide as a cathode material, which has a layered structure that can take in lithium ions without significant changes to its crystal structure. Exxon tried to commercialize this battery in the late 1970s, but found the synthesis expensive and complex, as TiS2 is sensitive to moisture and releases toxic hydrogen sulfide gas on contact with water. More prohibitively, the batteries were also prone to spontaneously catch fire due to the presence of metallic lithium in the cells. For this, and other reasons, Exxon discontinued the development of Whittingham's lithium-titanium disulfide battery.
Wind · Wind power has been used as long as humans have put sails into the wind. Wind-powered machines used to grind grain and pump water — the windmill and wind pump — were developed in what is now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan by the 9th century. Wind power was widely available and not confined to the banks of fast-flowing streams, or later, requiring sources of fuel. Wind-powered pumps drained the polders of the Netherlands, and in arid regions such as the American midwest or the Australian outback, wind pumps provided water for livestock and steam engines.
Battery · Home energy storage refers to residential energy storage devices that store electrical energy locally for later consumption. Usually, electricity is stored in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, controlled by intelligent software to handle charging and discharging cycles. Companies are also developing smaller flow battery technology for home use. As a local energy storage technologies for home use, they are smaller relatives of battery-based grid energy storage and support the concept of distributed generation. When paired with on-site generation, they can virtually eliminate blackouts in an off-the-grid lifestyle.
Hydrogen · A home fuel cell or a residential fuel cell is an electrochemical cell used for primary or backup power generation. They are similar to the larger industrial stationary fuel cells, but built on a smaller scale for residential use. These fuel cells are usually based on combined heat and power (CHP) or micro combined heat and power (m-CHP) technology, generating both power and heated water or air.
EV · The third-generation Honda HR-V is a subcompact crossover SUV (B-segment) manufactured by Honda since 2021, replacing the second-generation HR-V, and is split into two different models for different markets.
EV · The Honda UNI-CUB is a concept 2-axis self-balancing personal transporter for use in barrier-free indoor environments, and shown at the Osaka Motor Show 2013.
Climate · Hot potassium carbonate, HPC, is a method used to remove carbon dioxide from gas mixtures, in some contexts referred to as carbon scrubbing. The inorganic, basic compound potassium carbonate is mixed with a gas mixture and the liquid absorbs carbon dioxide through chemical processes. The technology is a form of chemical absorption, and was developed for natural gas sweetening (i.e., removal of acidic from raw natural gas). Currently it is also considered, among others, as a post-combustion capture process, in the contexts of carbon capture and storage and carbon capture and utilization.As a post-combustion CO2 capture process, the technology is planned to be used at full scale at a heat plant in Stockholm, involving hot potassium carbonate-based carbon capture technology supplied by Capsol Technologies, including integrated heat recovery.
Solar · In a photovoltaic (PV) module, a hot spot describes an over proportional heating of a single solar cell or a cell part compared to the surrounding cells. It is a typical degradation mode in PV modules.
Hydrogen · The H-Prize program is a series of inducement prizes intended to encourage research into the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier in a hydrogen economy. The program is sponsored by the United States Department of Energy and administered by the Hydrogen Education Foundation. In 2014, an H-Prize competition was launched to develop a small-scale hydrogen generation and refueling station for hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles. The prize, named the H2 Refuel H-Prize and worth $1 million, was awarded in January 2017, to the consortium "SimpleFuel".
EV · A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle that couples a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) with one or more electric engines into a combined propulsion system. The presence of the electric powertrain, which has inherently better energy conversion efficiency, is intended to achieve either better fuel economy or better acceleration performance than a conventional vehicle. There is a variety of HEV types and the degree to which each functions as an electric vehicle (EV) also varies. The most common form of HEV is hybrid electric passenger cars, although hybrid electric trucks, buses, motorboats, and aircraft also exist.
Wind · Hybrid power are combinations between different technologies to produce power.
Hydrogen · The hydrogen assisted magnesiothermic reduction ("HAMR") process is a thermochemical process to obtain titanium metal from titanium oxides.
Hydrogen · The hydrogen economy is a term for the role hydrogen as an energy carrier to complement electricity as part of a long-term option to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The aim is to reduce emissions where cheaper and more energy-efficient clean solutions are not available. In this context, hydrogen economy encompasses the production of hydrogen and the use of hydrogen in ways that contribute to phasing-out fossil fuels and limiting climate change.
Hydrogen · Hydrogen Energy California (HECA) was a proposed alternative energy hydrogen power project developing with support from the U.S. Department of Energy in Kern County, California which was not approved for construction.
Hydrogen · The Hydrogen energy vision and technology roadmap is the roadmap of China initiated by the Ministry of Science and Technology, it makes hydrogen and fuel cell technologies important thematic priorities of the S&T development plan.
Hydrogen · A hydrogen fuel cell power plant is a type of fuel cell power plant which uses a hydrogen fuel cell to generate electricity for the power grid. They are larger in scale than backup generators such as the Bloom Energy Server and can be up to 60% efficient in converting hydrogen to electricity. There is little to no nitrous oxide produced in the fuel cell process, which is produced in the process of a combined cycle hydrogen power plant. If the hydrogen could be produced with electrolysis also known as green hydrogen, then this could be a solution to the energy storage problem of renewable energy.
Hydrogen · Japan's hydrogen highway is a network of hydrogen filling stations placed along roadsides that provide fuel for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCV). An HFCV is a vehicle that uses a fuel cell to convert hydrogen energy into electrical energy. The hydrogen that is used in fuel cell vehicles can be made using fossil or renewable resources. The hydrogen highway is necessary for HFCVs to be used. HFCV reduce tailpipe emissions of greenhouse gases. As of 2025, there are approximately 149 hydrogen refuelling stations.
Hydrogen · A hydrogen infrastructure is the infrastructure of points of hydrogen production, truck and pipeline transport, and hydrogen stations for the distribution and sale of hydrogen fuel, and thus a crucial prerequisite before a successful commercialization of fuel cell technology.
Hydrogen · A hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle (HICEV) is a type of hydrogen vehicle using an internal combustion engine (ICE) that burns hydrogen fuel. Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles are different from hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Instead, the hydrogen internal combustion engine is simply a modified version of the traditional gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. The absence of carbon in the fuel means that no CO2 is produced, which eliminates the main greenhouse gas emission of a conventional petroleum engine.
Hydrogen · Hydrogen gas is produced by several industrial methods. Nearly all of the world's current supply of hydrogen is created from fossil fuels. Most hydrogen is gray hydrogen made through steam methane reforming. In this process, hydrogen is produced from a chemical reaction between steam and methane, the main component of natural gas. Producing one tonne of hydrogen through this process emits 6.6–9.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide. When carbon capture and storage is used to remove a large fraction of these emissions, the product is known as blue hydrogen.
Hydrogen · Hydrogen technologies are technologies that relate to the production and use of hydrogen as a part hydrogen economy. Hydrogen technologies are applicable for many uses.
Hydrogen · A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen to move. Hydrogen vehicles include some road vehicles, rail vehicles, space rockets, forklifts, ships and aircraft. Motive power is generated by converting the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy, either by reacting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to power electric motors or, less commonly, by hydrogen internal combustion.
Battery · A hydrogen–bromine battery is a rechargeable flow battery in which hydrogen bromide (HBr) serves as the system’s electrolyte. During the charge cycle, as power flows into the stack, H2 is generated and stored in a separate tank, the other product of the chemical reaction is HBr3 which accumulates in the electrolyte. During the discharge cycle the H2 is combined again with the HBr3 and the system returns to its initial stage with a full tank of HBr. The electrolyte suffers no degradation during the process and the system is self contained with no emissions.
Hydrogen · Hyzon Motors Inc. was an American automotive company based in Rochester, New York. Hyzon developed and manufactured hydrogen fuel cell systems and supplied zero-emission heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles. It had offices in the United States, the Netherlands, Australia, and China. Hyzon began being publicly traded through a SPAC merger in 2021, which was expected to raise about $626 million for the company. Hyzon delivered 87 fuel cell heavy trucks in 2021. Hyzon issued a notice in December 2024 that it is unable to continue its operations, and began dissolving the company. Horizon Fuel Cell Group has acquired the intellectual property of Hyzon Motors to resume serving Hyzon’s hydrogen vehicle customers and to strengthen its position in the global hydrogen heavy-duty truck market.
Charging · IAV GmbH Ingenieurgesellschaft Auto und Verkehr,, abbreviated to IAV GmbH, is an engineering company in the automotive industry, designing products for powertrain, electronics and vehicle development. Founded in Berlin in 1983 by Prof. Dr. Hermann Appel as a university-affiliated research institute, the company employs over 8,000 members of staff, and supplies automobile manufacturers and component suppliers. In addition to development centres in Berlin, Chemnitz and Gifhorn, IAV operates at sites in France, United Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, China, Japan, South Korea, Brazil and the United States.
Solar · IBC Solar is a company based in Germany which specializes in custom solar panel installations (photovoltaics). The company was established in 1982.
Hydrogen · Icelandic New Energy Ltd is a company founded in 1999 following a decision in 1998 by the Icelandic Parliament to convert vehicles and fishing fleets to hydrogen produced from renewable energy by 2050.
Charging · IEC 62196 Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors and vehicle inlets – Conductive charging of electric vehicles is a series of international standards that define requirements and tests for plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors and vehicle inlets for the conductive charging of electric vehicles. It is published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and is developed and maintained by its technical committee TC23 subcommittee SC23H.
EV · Illuminati Motor Works Seven is a prototype of a 4-passenger battery electric vehicle. It was handcrafted by Illuminati Motor Works (IMW), and placed second in the mainstream class of the Progressive Automotive XPRIZE with a combined rating of 119.8 MPGe. It has since achieved an EPA rating of 207 MPGe when tested at the Chrysler proving grounds through funding provided by the X PRIZE foundation and the US Department of Energy and now surpasses the MPGe of all three winning vehicles of the Progressive Automotive XPRIZE.
Wind · Inch Cape is a proposed offshore wind farm off the east coast of Scotland, approximately 20 kilometres east of Arbroath, Angus. It is named after the nearby Inchcape reef. The project has a potential capacity of 1080 MW. It is being developed by Inch Cape Offshore Limited (ICOL), an equal joint venture between Edinburgh-based Red Rock Renewables and Irish ESB Group's Energy for Generations. First power is expected late in 2026, with the project fully operational in 2027.
EV · In-motion charging (IMC) electric bus, also known as a battery trolleybus or trolleybus with extended autonomous run, is an electrically powered public transport vehicle that draws power from an overhead contact network (catenary) via trolley poles while simultaneously charging an on-board traction battery. This technology allows the vehicle to operate continuously: drawing power and charging while under the overhead wires, and operating as a battery electric bus on sections of the route lacking this infrastructure.
EV · The Inmotion SCV is a series of self-balancing, sensor controlled, battery-powered dicycles and electric unicycles from Inmotion Technologies of Shenzhen, China.
EV · The Innovative Clean Transit Rule (ICT) is a regulation promulgated by the California Air Resources Board which requires public transit agencies in the state of California to shift their bus fleets to zero emissions buses (ZEB), either electric buses or fuel cell buses. By 2029, only ZEBs will be allowed for new bus purchases, and the entire fleet must use ZEBs by 2040.
Solar · Intermediate band photovoltaics in solar cell research provides methods for exceeding the Shockley–Queisser limit on the efficiency of a cell. It introduces an intermediate band (IB) energy level in between the valence and conduction bands. Theoretically, introducing an IB allows two photons with energy less than the bandgap to excite an electron from the valence band to the conduction band. This increases the induced photocurrent and thereby efficiency.
Hydrogen · The International Journal of Hydrogen Energy is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of hydrogen energy, including hydrogen generation and storage. It is an official journal of the International Association for Hydrogen Energy, HEPLLC is the publisher, and Elsevier is the publishing house. Established in 1976, the journal became monthly in 1982, biweekly in 2008, 36/yr in 2013, and weekly in 2015. The editor in chief is Emre Veziroglu and the founding editor in chief is his father Turhan Nejat Veziroğlu.
Hydrogen · The International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE) is a Government-to-Government partnership founded in 2003 consisting of 27 countries and the European Commission. The IPHE works with the member countries in order to further develop and implement those technologies.
Climate · The use of ionic liquids in carbon capture is a potential application of ionic liquids as absorbents for use in carbon capture and sequestration. Ionic liquids, which are salts that exist as liquids near room temperature, are polar, nonvolatile materials that have been considered for many applications. The urgency of climate change has spurred research into their use in energy-related applications such as carbon capture and storage.
EV · Ioniq is an automotive sub-brand and a division of Hyundai Motor Company with headquarters in Seoul, South Korea. The sub-brand was established in 2020 as a sub-brand for Hyundai's electric vehicle line-up. The sub-brand is slated to aid Hyundai to achieve a targeted 1 million electric vehicle sales annually by 2025, with the Ioniq brand projected to contribute 560,000 of those sales.
Charging · IONITY is a HPC charging network for electric vehicles across 24 countries in Europe. It is a joint venture of the car manufacturers BMW, Ford, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz, and Volkswagen Group including Audi and Porsche, with BlackRock's Climate Infrastructure Platform as a financial investor. The company's headquarters is in Munich, Germany, with additional offices in Dortmund and outside Norway's capital Oslo. IONITY enables roaming from electric mobility service providers (EMSPs) and offers the Plug & Charge technology for selected vehicles, alongside convenient payment options and subscription offers.
Charging · Ionna is a high-power charging network for battery electric vehicles in North America formed as a joint venture between several automakers.
Wind · The Ishikari Bay New Port Offshore Wind Farm is an offshore wind farm off Ishikari Bay, Ishikari, Hokkaido, Japan. As of May 2024, it is, at 112MW, the largest commercial offshore wind farm in Japan.
Battery · The jelly roll or Swiss roll design is the design used in the majority of cylindrical rechargeable batteries, including nickel–cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. The design has this name because the cross section of the battery looks like a Swiss roll.
EV · Jet Industries, Inc., located in Austin, Texas, United States, was a company that sold battery electric vehicles during the late 1970s and early 1980s. The vehicles were converted from existing models from manufacturers such as Subaru, Mazda, Ford and Chrysler. Accounts of total vehicle sales vary, but Stan Skokan, the Northern California distributor for Jet Industries, estimated total output at over 1400 vehicles. The company was founded by A. Forbes Crawford and William L. Bales. Bales previously founded Tri-Motor Corp., an electric golf cart company, which he sold in 1960, and then founded a snowmobile company that he sold in 1970, later to become Chaparral Snowmobiles. Jet Industries was incorporated in 1977 and discontinued operations in the early 1980s.
Wind · John Ellis Eckland is a former CIA Alternative Energy Analyst, and pioneer of early renewable energy efforts during the 1970s and 1980s. He was the founder and president of the now-defunct Fayette Manufacturing Corporation, a Fortune 500 company. In 1979, he received the Arthur S. Flemming Award for Excellence in Government Service, becoming the first CIA member to be honored with this recognition. Eckland earned a degree in economics from Tulane University. He joined the CIA as an alternative energy analyst, eventually resigning to establish the first commercial wind farm in the United States on the Altamont Pass in central California.
EV · KamAZ-6282 is the urban large class low-floor electric bus codeveloped by NefAZ and KamAZ. Mass production of this model began in 2018. More than 1,000 units produced. The bus has been commonly used as part of the rollout of electric buses in Moscow.
Climate · The Kemper Project, also called the Kemper County energy facility or Plant Ratcliffe, is a natural gas-fired electrical generating station currently under construction in Kemper County, Mississippi. Mississippi Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company, began construction of the plant in 2010. The initial, coal-fired project was central to President Obama's Climate Plan, as it was to be based on "clean coal" and was being considered for more support from the Congress and the incoming Trump Administration in late 2016. If it had become operational with coal, the Kemper Project would have been a first-of-its-kind electricity plant to employ gasification and carbon capture technologies at this scale.
EV · KGM Commercial C is the bus lineup of South Korean bus manufacturer KGM Commercial.
Climate · The Korea Carbon Capture & Sequestration R&D Center (KCRC) is an institution in Daejeon, South Korea, specialized in Carbon Capture & Sequestration (CCS) R&D. The Korean government has selected CCS technology as part of core technologies for green growth, and has established the National Comprehensive Plan for CCS to commercialize and ensure the international competitiveness of CCS technology by 2020. As part of the plan, the Ministry of Science, ICT and future Planning (MSIP) has developed the ‘Korea CCS 2020 Project' to secure the best original technology of CCS and established KCRC on December 22, 2011.
Battery · Kuzhikalail M. Abraham is an American scientist, a recognized expert on lithium-ion and lithium-ion polymer batteries and is the inventor of the ultrahigh energy density lithium–air battery. Abraham is the principal of E-KEM Sciences in Needham, Massachusetts and a professor at the Northeastern University Center for Renewable Energy Technologies, Northeastern University, in Boston, Massachusetts.
Hydrogen · Lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF), also called lanthanum strontium cobaltite ferrite is a specific ceramic oxide derived from lanthanum cobaltite of the ferrite group. It is a phase containing lanthanum(III) oxide, strontium oxide, cobalt oxide and iron oxide with the formula LaxSr1−xCoyFe1−yO3, where 0.1≤x≤0.4 and 0.2≤y≤0.8.
Battery · The lead–acid battery is a type of rechargeable battery. First invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, it was the first type of rechargeable battery ever created. Compared to the more modern rechargeable batteries, lead–acid batteries have relatively low energy density and heavier weight. Despite this, they are able to supply high surge currents. These features, along with their low cost, make them useful for motor vehicles in order to provide the high current required by starter motors. Lead–acid batteries suffer from relatively short cycle lifespan and overall lifespan, as well as long charging times; an average automotive battery takes anywhere between 6 and 12 hours to fully charge from a discharged state.
EV · The LiAZ-6274 is the urban large class low-floor electric bus produced by the LiAZ. The first fully low-floor electric bus produced in Russia. Designed on the basis of the low-floor bus LiAZ-5292 that mass-produced since 2004. Designed for large cities with intensive passenger traffic. Mass production of this model began in September 2018.
Climate · Life cycle assessment (LCA), also known as life cycle analysis, is a methodology for assessing the impacts associated with all the stages of the life cycle of a commercial product, process, or service. For instance, in the case of a manufactured product, environmental impacts are assessed from raw material extraction and processing (cradle), through the product's manufacture, distribution and use, to the recycling or final disposal of the materials composing it (grave).
Wind · Liftra is an engineering company which specializes in lifting and transport equipment for the global wind turbine industry. Liftra's most notable product is a self-hoisting crane used for major component exchange. The company has assisted in the development of larger wind turbines in the North Sea, along with Belgium-based DEME Offshore.
Wind · In aerodynamics, the lift-to-drag ratio is the lift generated by an aerodynamic body such as an aerofoil or aircraft, divided by the aerodynamic drag caused by moving through air. It describes the aerodynamic efficiency under given flight conditions. The L/D ratio for any given body will vary according to these flight conditions.
Solar · Light harvesting materials harvest solar energy that can then be converted into chemical energy through photochemical processes. Synthetic light harvesting materials are inspired by photosynthetic biological systems such as light harvesting complexes and pigments that are present in plants and some photosynthetic bacteria. The dynamic and efficient antenna complexes that are present in photosynthetic organisms has inspired the design of synthetic light harvesting materials that mimic light harvesting machinery in biological systems. Examples of synthetic light harvesting materials are dendrimers, porphyrin arrays and assemblies, organic gels, biosynthetic and synthetic peptides, organic-inorganic hybrid materials, and semiconductor materials. Synthetic and biosynthetic light harvesting materials have applications in photovoltaics, photocatalysis, and photopolymerization.
Battery · Lithium is a chemical element; it has symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the least dense metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and must be stored in vacuum, inert atmosphere, or inert liquid such as purified kerosene or mineral oil. It exhibits a metallic luster when pure, but quickly corrodes in air to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. It does not occur freely in nature, but occurs mainly as pegmatitic minerals, which were once the main source of lithium. Due to its solubility as an ion, it is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines. Lithium metal is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride.
Battery · Lithium aluminium germanium phosphate, typically known with the acronyms LAGP or LAGPO, is an inorganic ceramic solid material whose general formula is Li1+xAlxGe2-x(PO4)3. LAGP belongs to the NASICON family of solid conductors and has been applied as a solid electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Typical values of ionic conductivity in LAGP at room temperature are in the range of 10–5 - 10–4 S/cm, even if the actual value of conductivity is strongly affected by stoichiometry, microstructure, and synthesis conditions. Compared to lithium aluminium titanium phosphate (LATP), which is another phosphate-based lithium solid conductor, the absence of titanium in LAGP improves its stability towards lithium metal. In addition, phosphate-based solid electrolytes have superior stability against moisture and oxygen compared to sulfide-based electrolytes like Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS) and can be handled safely in air, thus simplifying the manufacture process. Since the best performances are encountered when the stoichiometric value of x is 0.5, the acronym LAGP usually indicates the particular composition of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3, which is also the typically used material in battery applications.
Battery · China produced more than 15 billion units of lithium-ion batteries in 2019, which accounts for 73% of the world's 316 gigawatt-hours capacity. China is a significant producer of lithium batteries and electric vehicles, supported by government policies. Lithium-ion batteries produced in China are primarily exported to Hong Kong, the United States, Germany, Korea, and Vietnam. The electric vehicle industry significantly drives the demand for lithium-ion batteries due to their high energy density relative to their weight. Global lithium production has tripled over the past decade. Noteworthy is the sizeable recent jump between 2016 and 2017 when global lithium production increased by over 75%, and by a further 23% from 2017 to 2018.
Battery · Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, often simply referred to as LiTFSI, is a hydrophilic salt with the chemical formula LiC2F6NO4S2. It is commonly used as Li-ion source in electrolytes for Li-ion batteries as a safer alternative to commonly used lithium hexafluorophosphate. It is made up of one Li cation and a bistriflimide anion.
Battery · Lithium hybrid organic batteries are an energy storage device that combines lithium with an organic polymer. For example, polyaniline vanadium (V) oxide (PAni/V2O5) can be incorporated into the nitroxide-polymer lithium iron phosphate battery, PTMA/LiFePO4. Together, they improve the lithium ion intercalation capacity, cycle life, electrochemical performances, and conductivity of batteries.
Battery · A lithium ion manganese oxide battery (LMO) is a lithium-ion cell that uses manganese dioxide, as the cathode material. They function through the same intercalation/de-intercalation mechanism as other commercialized secondary battery technologies, such as lithium cobalt oxide. Cathodes based on manganese-oxide components are earth-abundant, inexpensive, non-toxic, and provide better thermal stability.
Battery · Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) is an inorganic compound with the formula LiFePO4. It is a gray, green, or black solid that is insoluble in water.
Battery · The lithium iron phosphate battery or LFP battery is a type of lithium-ion battery using lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material, and a graphitic carbon electrode with a metallic backing as the anode. Because of their low cost, high safety, low toxicity, long cycle life and other factors, LFP batteries are finding a number of roles in vehicle use, utility-scale stationary applications, and backup power. As of September 2022, LFP type battery market share for EVs reached 31%, and of that, 68% were from EV makers Tesla and BYD alone.
Battery · A lithium polymer battery, or more correctly, lithium-ion polymer battery (abbreviated as LiPo, LIP, Li-poly, lithium-poly, and others), is a rechargeable battery derived from lithium-ion and lithium-metal battery technology. The primary difference is that instead of using a liquid lithium salt (such as lithium hexafluorophosphate, LiPF6) held in an organic solvent (such as EC/DMC/DEC) as the electrolyte, the battery uses a solid (or semi-solid) polymer electrolyte such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF). Other terms used in the literature for this system include hybrid polymer electrolyte (HPE), where hybrid denotes the combination of the polymer matrix, the liquid solvent, and the salt.
Battery · A lithium vanadium phosphate (LVP) battery is a proposed type of lithium-ion battery that uses a vanadium phosphate in the cathode. As of 2016 they have not been commercialized.
Battery · A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible intercalation of Li+ ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy. There are many different varieties, which are usually categorized by the materials used in the cathode. Compared to other types of rechargeable batteries, they generally have higher specific energy, energy density, and energy efficiency and a longer cycle life and calendar life. In the three decades since Li-ion batteries were first sold in 1991, their volumetric energy density increased threefold while their cost dropped tenfold. In late 2024, global demand passed 1 terawatt-hour per year, while production capacity was more than twice that.
Battery · The lithium–sulfur battery is a type of rechargeable battery. It is notable for its high specific energy. The low atomic weight of lithium and moderate atomic weight of sulfur means that Li–S batteries are relatively light.
Battery · The lithium-titanate battery, or lithium-titanium-oxide (LTO) battery, is type of rechargeable battery that has the advantages of a longer cycle life, a wider range of operating temperatures, and of tolerating faster rates of charge and discharge than other lithium-ion batteries. The primary disadvantages of LTO batteries are their higher purchase cost per kWh and their lower energy density.
Wind · LM Wind Power is a Danish manufacturer of wind turbine blades, and a subsidiary of GE Vernova.
Battery · Load balancing, load matching, or daily peak demand reserve refers to the use of various techniques by electrical power stations to store excess electrical power during low demand periods for release as demand rises. The aim is for the power supply system to have a load factor of 1.
Wind · The log wind profile is a semi-empirical relationship commonly used to describe the vertical distribution of horizontal mean wind speed within the lowest portion of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The logarithmic profile of wind speeds is generally limited to the lowest 100 m of the atmosphere. The rest of the atmosphere is composed of the remaining part of the PBL and the troposphere or free atmosphere. In the free atmosphere, geostrophic wind relationships should be used, instead.
Hydrogen · Denmark's first full-scale wind-Hydrogen energy plant and testing facility, the Lolland Hydrogen Community, began operation in May 2007. It is also the European Union's first full-scale Hydrogen Community Demonstration facility for residential Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power (CHP).
Wind · The Longyuan Rudong Intertidal Wind Farm is a 150MW offshore wind farm close to the Rudong County, Jiangsu province, China.
EV · There are 3,776 hybrid buses, 1,951 battery electric buses, and 20 hydrogen fuel cell buses operating in London, as of March 2025, out of a total bus fleet of 8,797 – this is around 65% of the bus fleet.
Solar · Luna Ring is a speculative engineering project which consists of a series of solar generators, disposed around the equator of the Moon, that could send the generated electric energy back to the Earth via microwaves from the near side of the Moon. The project was proposed by Japanese construction firm Shimizu Corporation, after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami destroyed the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, creating public opposition against nuclear electric energy. Until then, Japan had relied heavily on nuclear power.
Solar · The Gossamer Penguin was a solar-powered experimental aircraft created by Paul MacCready's AeroVironment. MacCready had built the Gossamer Condor in 1977 which won the Kremer prize for the first human-powered flight, and the Gossamer Albatross, a similar but larger aircraft. The Gossamer Penguin was developed from the Albatross and used that ultralight design to demonstrate solar flight at testing ground at Minter Field, outside of Shafter, California. The Gossamer Penguin was the third solar-powered aircraft to fly, and the second crewed solar-powered aircraft.
Solar · The Solar Challenger was a solar-powered aircraft designed by Paul MacCready's AeroVironment. The aircraft was designed as an improvement on the Gossamer Penguin, which in turn was a solar-powered variant of the human-powered Gossamer Albatross. It was powered entirely by the photovoltaic cells on its wing and stabilizer, without even reserve batteries, and was the first such craft capable of long-distance flight. In 1981, it successfully completed a 163-mile (262 km) demonstration flight from France to England.
Charging · Magne Charge is an obsolete inductive charging system used to charge battery electric vehicles (BEVs).
Hydrogen · Magnesium batteries are batteries that utilize magnesium cations as charge carriers and possibly in the anode in electrochemical cells. Both non-rechargeable primary cell and rechargeable secondary cell chemistries have been investigated. Magnesium primary cell batteries have been commercialised and have found use as reserve and general use batteries.
Battery · A magnesium–sulfur battery is a rechargeable battery that uses magnesium ions as its charge carrier, magnesium metal as its anode, and sulfur as its cathode. To increase the electronic conductivity of the cathode, sulfur is usually mixed with carbon to form a cathode composite. The magnesium–sulfur battery is an emerging energy storage technology and is now still in the stage of research. It is of great interest since in theory the Mg/S chemistry can provide 1722 Wh/kg energy density with a voltage at ~1.7 V.
Hydrogen · Marypark is a hamlet in the civil parish of Inveravon in Moray, Scotland. It is 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) south-west of Charlestown of Aberlour on the A95 road in Strathspey. The Glenfarclas distillery is located 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) to the east of the hamlet.
Climate · Mati Carbon is a Houston-based carbon removal organization. It uses enhanced rock weathering, a process in which crushed basalt is applied to farmland so that carbon dioxide reacts with water and minerals and becomes bicarbonate.
Solar · The Mauro Solar Riser is an American biplane ultralight electric aircraft that was the first crewed aircraft to fly on solar power. It was also only the second solar-powered aircraft to fly, after the uncrewed AstroFlight Sunrise, which had first flown 4+1⁄2 years earlier.
Solar · Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), or sometimes just power point tracking (PPT), is a technique used with variable power sources to maximize energy extraction as conditions vary. The technique is most commonly used with photovoltaic (PV) solar systems but can also be used with wind turbines, optical power transmission and thermophotovoltaics.
Hydrogen · McPhy Energy is a French energy company specialized in hydrogen.
EV · The MCV Electric Bus (also known as the 'Volvo BZL Electric Bus') is a low-entry single-deck bus bodywork and a low-floor double-decker bus bodywork built by MCV Bus & Coach in partnership with Volvo Buses as the zero-emissions alternative to the MCV Evora and MCV EvoSeti. It was unveiled in September 2021 by Volvo.
Charging · The Megawatt Charging System (MCS) is a charging connector under development for large battery electric vehicles. The connector will be rated for charging at a maximum rate of 3.75 megawatts.
Hydrogen · A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is an assembled stack of proton-exchange membranes (PEM) or alkali anion exchange membrane (AAEM), catalyst and flat plate electrode used in fuel cells and electrolyzers.
Hydrogen · Membraneless Fuel Cells convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy without the use of a conducting membrane as with other types of fuel cells. In Laminar flow fuel cells (LFFC) this is achieved by exploiting the phenomenon of non-mixing laminar flows where the interface between the two flows works as a proton/ion conductor. The interface allows for high diffusivity and eliminates the need for costly membranes. The operating principles of these cells mean that they can only be built to millimeter-scale sizes. The lack of a membrane means they are cheaper but the size limits their use to portable applications which require small amounts of power.
Battery · Memory effect, also known as battery effect, lazy battery effect, or battery memory, is an effect observed in nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries that causes them to hold less charge. It describes the situation in which nickel-cadmium batteries gradually lose their maximum energy capacity if they are repeatedly recharged after being only partially discharged. The battery appears to "remember" the smaller capacity.
Wind · Merchant wind power (MWP) is a framework of developing electricity from wind turbines placed on land owned by brown-field sites, such as those of heavy industry. The wind-turbine operators then supply the land owners with power at reduced rates.
Hydrogen · Metal hydride fuel cells are a subclass of alkaline fuel cells that have been under research and development, as well as scaled up successfully in operating systems. A notable feature is their ability to chemically bond and store hydrogen within the fuel cell itself.
Wind · Meteodyn WT, commonly known as Meteodyn is a wind energy software program that uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to conduct wind resource assessment. Developed and marketed by Meteodyn, Meteodyn WT was first released in September 2009. The software quantifies the wind resource in a desired terrain in order to assess the feasibility of a proposed wind farm. The software's objective is to design the most profitable wind farm. This is achieved by taking into account the measured wind data at a measurement tower and the terrain conditions. Both of these are essential to be able to obtain the wind conditions and therefore the wind resources of the desired terrain.
Hydrogen · A methane reformer is a device based on steam reforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation and is a type of chemical synthesis which can produce pure hydrogen gas from methane using a catalyst. There are multiple types of reformers in development but the most common in industry are autothermal reforming (ATR) and steam methane reforming (SMR). Most methods work by exposing methane to a catalyst at high temperature and pressure.
Solar · Methylammonium tin halides are solid compounds with perovskite structure and a chemical formula of CH3NH3SnX3, where X = I, Br or Cl. They are promising lead-free alternatives to lead perovskites as photoactive semiconductor materials. Tin-based perovskites have shown excellent mobility in transistors which gives them an opportunity to be explored more for solar cell applications.
Climate · Microbial electrolysis carbon capture (MECC) is a carbon capture technique using microbial electrolysis cells during wastewater treatment. MECC results in net negative carbon emission wastewater treatment by removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) during the treatment process in the form of calcite (CaCO3), and production of profitable H2 gas.
Battery · A microtubular membrane is a type of membrane made up of small tubular structures. Microtubular associated membranes are found in various cell types and are essential for maintaining cell structure and function. Synthetic membranes are used in chemical separation processes and in flow batteries.
Charging · Milence is a European electric vehicle (EV) charging network operator focused on battery-electric heavy-duty vehicles. It was founded in 2022 as a joint venture by Daimler Truck, the Traton Group, and the Volvo Group to build and operate publicly accessible high-power charging hubs along major freight corridors and logistics routes in Europe.
Solar · Miraah is a solar thermal energy plant that is under construction in Oman for the production of steam for solar thermal enhanced oil recovery. In July 2015, Petroleum Development Oman and GlassPoint Solar announced that they signed a $600 million agreement to build the 1 GWth solar field. The project will be one of the world's largest solar field measured by peak thermal capacity.
Solar · Miravalles Solar Park, is a solar energy project located in Guanacaste Province of Costa Rica, near the Miravalles Volcano. It is operated by the Costa Rican Institute of Electricity (ICE).
Charging · Mobile metering is a technology which enables mobile recording of metering data. While railway companies such as the German Deutsche Bahn have been using this technology for years in their trains, it is now also being used for recording the charging transactions of electric vehicles (EVs).
Battery · Molten-salt batteries are a class of battery that uses molten salts as an electrolyte and offers both a high energy density and a high power density. Traditional non-rechargeable thermal batteries can be stored in their solid state at room temperature for long periods of time before being activated by heating. Rechargeable liquid-metal batteries are used for industrial power backup and grid energy storage to balance out intermittent renewable power sources such as solar panels and wind turbines.
Climate · Carbon dioxide (CO2) from carbon capture and storage and direct air capture operations is often injected into deep geologic formations. These storage sites can be monitored for CO2 leakage. Monitoring can be done at both the surface and subsurface levels. The dominant monitoring technique is seismic imaging, where vibrations are generated that propagate through the subsurface. The geologic structure can be imaged from the refracted/reflected waves.
EV · Moustache Bikes is a French brand of EPAC, named Cycle Me, a company based in the Vosges since 2011.
Climate · MT Pacific Cobalt is a Singaporean oil tanker built in 2020 and owned by Eastern Pacific Shipping. It is one of the first and largest ships to be installed with an onboard filtration and carbon capture system.
Battery · A nanopore battery is a rechargeable battery that is a composite of billions of nanoscale batteries formed within the pores of a substrate.
Battery · A nanowire battery uses nanowires to increase the surface area of one or both of its electrodes, which improves the capacity of the battery. Some designs, variations of the lithium-ion battery have been announced, although none are commercially available. All of the concepts replace the traditional graphite anode and could improve battery performance. Each type of nanowire battery has specific advantages and disadvantages, but a challenge common to all of them is their fragility.
Climate · The NatCarb geoportal provides access to geospatial information and tools concerning carbon sequestration in the United States.
Hydrogen · The National Hydrogen Energy Road Map (NHERM) is a program in India initiated by the National Hydrogen Energy Board (NHEB) in 2003 and approved in 2006 for bridging the technological gaps in different areas of hydrogen energy, including its production, storage, transportation and delivery, applications, safety, codes and standards and capacity building for the period up to 2020. The program is under direction of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
Climate · The National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy (NICE) is a leading clean and renewable energy research institute located in China and affiliated with the China Energy. Established in 2009 and headquartered in the Changping's Future Science Park near Beijing, NICE also has R&D centers in Germany and California. NICE aims to drive innovation and collaboration in clean energy research, contributing to a sustainable future. It is home to the State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining.
Hydrogen · Nedjib Djilali is a Canadian engineering professor and researcher specializing in sustainable energy and thermofluid sciences. He holds the Canada Research Chair in Advanced Energy Systems Design and Computational Modelling at the University of Victoria. Djilali is a Highly Cited Researcher, and a fellow of both the Canadian Academy of Engineering (2010) and the Royal Society of Canada (2013).
Climate · Global net-zero emissions are reached when greenhouse gas emissions and removals due to human activities are in balance. Net-zero emissions is often shortened to net zero. Once global net zero is achieved, further global warming is expected to significantly slow down, but the effects of existing atmospheric greenhouse gases will still contribute to continued warming.
Hydrogen · The New Sunshine Project (NSS) is a Japanese project to develop the technologies for new energy and global environment, integrating the Sunshine, the Moonlight and the Global Environment Technology Projects since 1993. It is the successor of the 1974 MITI Sunshine Project, and focuses on the development of photovoltaic, geothermal and hydrogen technology.
Climate · Newlight Technologies is a company based in Huntington Beach, California, known for carbon sequestration into materials and products. The company is headquartered and manufactures in Huntington Beach, CA, and staffs over 200 employees.
Battery · The nickel–cadmium battery is a type of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes. The abbreviation Ni–Cd is derived from the chemical symbols of nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd): the abbreviation NiCad is a registered trademark of SAFT Corporation, although this brand name is commonly used to describe all Ni–Cd batteries.
Battery · A nickel–hydrogen battery (NiH2 or Ni–H2) is a rechargeable electrochemical power source based on nickel and hydrogen. It differs from a nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) battery by the use of hydrogen in gaseous form, stored in a pressurized cell at up to 1200 psi (82.7 bar) pressure. The nickel–hydrogen battery was patented in the United States on February 25, 1971 by Alexandr Ilich Kloss, Vyacheslav Mikhailovic Sergeev and Boris Ioselevich Tsenter from the Soviet Union.
Battery · The nickel–iron battery is a rechargeable battery having nickel(III) oxide-hydroxide positive plates and iron negative plates, with an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. The active materials are held in nickel-plated steel tubes or perforated pockets. It is a very robust battery which is tolerant of abuse, and can have very long life even if so treated. It is often used in backup situations where it can be continuously charged and can last for more than 20 years. Due to its low specific energy, poor charge retention, and high cost of manufacture, other types of rechargeable batteries have displaced the nickel–iron battery in most applications.
Battery · The nickel–lithium battery (Ni–Li) is a battery using a nickel hydroxide cathode and lithium anode. The two metals cannot normally be used together in a battery, as there are no electrolytes compatible with both. The LISICON design uses a layer of porous glass to separate two electrolytes in contact with each metal. The battery is predicted to hold more than twice as much energy per kilogram as lithium-ion batteries, and to be safer. However, the battery will be complex to manufacture and durability issues have yet to be resolved. Ni–Li has a very high cell potential, but is limited in capacity by the cathode material.
Battery · A nickel–metal hydride battery is a type of rechargeable battery. The chemical reaction at the positive electrode is similar to that of the older nickel–cadmium cell (NiCd), with both using nickel oxide hydroxide, NiO(OH). However, the negative electrodes use a hydrogen-absorbing alloy instead of cadmium. NiMH batteries typically have two to three times the capacity of NiCd batteries of the same size, with significantly higher energy density, although only about half that of lithium-ion batteries. NiMH batteries have almost entirely replaced NiCd.
Battery · A nickel–zinc battery is a type of rechargeable battery similar to nickel–cadmium batteries, but with a higher voltage of 1.6 V.
Solar · Nominal power is the nameplate capacity of photovoltaic (PV) devices, such as solar cells, modules and systems. It is determined by measuring the electric current and voltage in a circuit, while varying the resistance under precisely defined conditions. The nominal power is important for designing an installation in order to correctly dimension its cabling and converters.
Climate · Nori Inc. was a technology company based in Seattle, Washington, that closed in 2024. The company's main business was a carbon marketplace which focused on soil-carbon sequestration. Nori paid farmers who adopted regenerative agriculture practices which may contribute to carbon sequestration.
Charging · The North American Charging System (NACS), also known as the North American Charging Standard and officially designated SAE J3400, is an electric vehicle (EV) charging connector developed by Tesla, Inc. and maintained by SAE International.
Climate · NOTT-202 is a two-part chemical compound that is capable of selectively absorbing carbon dioxide. It is a metal–organic framework (MOF) that functions like a sponge, adsorbing selected gases at high pressures. Its creation was announced by scientists in 2012. The researchers claimed this structure was an entirely new class of porous material.
Wind · Novar Wind Farm is a 50 turbine, 53.8 megawatt wind farm located in the Scottish Highlands. Constructed in 1997, Novar was of the earlier developments of Scottish on-shore wind generation. It provided a significant contribution to the local economy during construction and through its Community Benefit Fund. In 2010 an additional 16 turbines were constructed taking the yearly generation capacity to 53.8 megawatts.
Solar · The introduction and rapid expansion of solar technology has brought with it a number of occupational hazards for workers responsible for panel installation. Guidelines for safe solar panel installation exist, however the injuries related to panel installation are poorly quantified.
Wind · Offshore Structures (Britain) was a British marine offshore structure foundation manufacturing company that was based at Haverton Hill near Billingham on the north bank of the River Tees. The company was formed as a joint venture between Danish company Bladt Industries and German company EEW Group when it took over the assets of the factory that had been established by TAG Energy Solutions.
Wind · An offshore wind port describes several distinct types of port facilities that are used to support manufacturing, construction and operation of an offshore wind power project. Offshore wind turbine components are larger than onshore wind components. Handling of such large components requires special equipment. Transporting of components between manufacturing and assembling facilities is to be minimized. As a result, a number of offshore wind port facilities have been built in areas with a high concentration of offshore wind developments. For large offshore wind farm projects, some offshore wind ports have become strategic hubs of the industry's supply chain.
Wind · Offshore wind power or offshore wind energy is the generation of electricity through wind farms in bodies of water, usually at sea. Due to a lack of obstacles out at sea versus on land, higher wind speeds tend to be observed out at sea, which increases the amount of power that can be generated per wind turbine. Offshore wind farms are also less controversial than those on land, as they have less impact on people and the landscape.
Charging · OpenEVSE is an Arduino-based charging station created by Christopher Howell and Sam C. Lin. The charger is composed of open-source software and hardware that can be made by individuals.
Wind · The OPG 7 Gomberg Turbine was a Vestas model V80-1.8MW wind turbine in Pickering, Ontario. At the time of its construction, it was one of the largest wind turbines in North America, a 117-metre high wind machine commissioned in 2001 and designed to produce enough power to satisfy about 600 average households. This electricity was also emission-free.
Solar · With all solar thermal collector systems there is a potential risk that the solar collector may reach an equilibrium or stagnation temperature higher than the maximum safe operating temperature. Various measures are taken for optical overheating protection.
Climate · The Orca carbon capture plant is a facility that uses direct air capture to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The name "Orca" comes from the Icelandic word "orka", which means "energy". It was constructed by Climeworks and is joint work with Carbfix, an academic-industrial partnership that has developed a novel approach to capture CO2. The plant uses dozens of large fans to pull in air and pass it through a filter. The filter is then released of the CO2 it contains through heat. The CO2 extracted is later mixed with water and pushed into the ground, using a technology from Carbfix.
Battery · An organic radical battery (ORB) is a type of battery first developed in 2005. As of 2011, this type of battery was generally not available for the consumer, although their development at that time was considered to be approaching practical use. ORBs are potentially more environmentally friendly than conventional metal-based batteries, because they use organic radical polymers to provide electrical power instead of metals. ORBs are considered to be a high-power alternative to the Li-ion battery. Functional prototypes of the battery have been researched and developed by different research groups and corporations including the Japanese corporation NEC.
Climate · Oxy-fuel combustion is the process of burning a fuel using pure oxygen, or a mixture of oxygen and recirculated flue gas, instead of air. Since the nitrogen component of air is not heated, fuel consumption is reduced, and higher flame temperatures are possible. Historically, the primary use of oxy-fuel combustion has been in welding and cutting of metals, especially steel, since oxy-fuel allows for higher flame temperatures than can be achieved with an air-fuel flame. It has also received a lot of attention in recent decades as a potential carbon capture and storage technology.
Battery · Oxygen-ion batteries are a type of rechargeable battery that works similarly to lithium-ion batteries. The electrodes in oxygen-ion batteries are perovskite-based ceramics instead of typical lithium-ion battery materials. The batteries are fire-resistant, and highly durable.
EV · A pantograph is an apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric train, tram or battery electric buses to collect power through contact with an overhead line. The term stems from the resemblance of some styles to the mechanical pantographs used for copying handwriting and drawings.
Climate · The Paris Agreement is an international treaty on climate change that was signed in 2016. The treaty covers climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance. The Paris Agreement was negotiated by 196 parties at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference near Paris, France. As of January 2026, 194 members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are parties to the agreement. Of the three UNFCCC member states which have not ratified the agreement, the only major emitter is Iran. The United States, the second largest emitter, withdrew from the agreement in 2020, rejoined in 2021, and withdrew again in 2026.
Solar · A perovskite is a crystalline material of formula ABX3 with a crystal structure similar to that of the mineral perovskite, this latter consisting of calcium titanium oxide (CaTiO3). The mineral was first discovered in the Ural mountains of Russia by Gustav Rose in 1839 and named after Russian mineralogist L. A. Perovski (1792–1856). In addition to being one of the most abundant structural families, perovskites have wide-ranging properties and applications.
Solar · The photomagnetic effect is a theoretical quantum mechanical effect discovered by the researchers Samuel L. Oliveira and Stephen C. Rand at University of Michigan 2007–2011. The researchers have discovered a powerful magnetic interaction between the photon's dynamic magnetic field – and certain isolator materials' atom's magnetic moment, that is 100 million times stronger than formerly anticipated. Under the proper circumstances, the photon's magnetic fields effect is as strong as their electric field – as e.g. in solar cells.
Solar · Photovoltaics (PV) is the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics, photochemistry, and electrochemistry. The photovoltaic effect is commercially used for electricity generation and as photosensors.
Hydrogen · Pierre-Etienne Franc is an entrepreneur and CEO of Hy24, an investment management company dedicated to low-carbon hydrogen energy.
EV · A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) or plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHV) is a type of hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a battery that can be recharged via a power cable to an external electric power source, in addition to charging internally by its on-board internal combustion engine–powered generator. While PHEVs are predominantly passenger cars, there are also plug-in hybrid variants of sports cars, commercial vehicles, vans, utility trucks, buses, trains, motorcycles, mopeds, military vehicles and boats.
Wind · The Port of New Bedford, or the New Bedford Harbor, is a deepwater port located at the mouth of the Acushnet River on Buzzards Bay, with access to the Atlantic Ocean. It is in the harbor estuary on the southern coast of Massachusetts in New Bedford, Fairhaven and Acushnet.
Hydrogen · Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis is the electrolysis of water in a cell equipped with a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) that is responsible for the conduction of protons, separation of product gases, and electrical insulation of the electrodes. The PEM electrolyzer was introduced to overcome the issues of partial load, low current density, and low pressure operation currently plaguing the alkaline electrolyzer. It involves a proton-exchange membrane.
EV · Range anxiety is the driver's fear that a vehicle has insufficient energy storage to cover the road distance needed to reach its intended destination, and would thus strand the vehicle's occupants mid-way. The term, which as of 2010 was used primarily in reference to the practical driving range of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), was considered to be one of the major psychological barriers to large-scale public adoption of electric cars.
Climate · Rebalance Earth is a United Kingdom based natural capital investment company that operates in the field of environmental finance. It develops financial structures related to ecosystem services, biodiversity, and land and water management, and works with institutional investors and landholders.
Battery · A rechargeable alkaline battery, also known as alkaline rechargeable or rechargeable alkaline manganese (RAM), is a type of alkaline battery that is capable of recharging for repeated use. The formats include AAA, AA, C, D, and snap-on 9-volt batteries. Rechargeable alkaline batteries are manufactured fully charged and have the ability to hold their charge for years, longer than nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries, which self-discharge. Rechargeable alkaline batteries can have a high recharging efficiency and have less environmental impact than disposable cells.
Battery · A rechargeable battery, storage battery, or secondary cell (formally a type of energy accumulator) is a type of electric battery which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times, as opposed to a disposable or primary battery, which is supplied fully charged and discarded after use. It is composed of one or more electrochemical cells. The term "accumulator" is used as it accumulates and stores energy through a reversible electrochemical reaction. Rechargeable batteries are produced in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several different combinations of electrode materials and electrolytes are used, including lead–acid, zinc–air, nickel–cadmium (NiCd), nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), and lithium-ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).
Climate · Renewable energy is energy made from renewable natural resources that are replenished on a human timescale. The most widely used renewable energy types are solar energy, wind power, and hydropower. Bioenergy and geothermal power are also significant in some countries. Renewable energy installations can be large or small and are suited for both urban and rural areas. Renewable energy is often deployed together with further electrification. This has several benefits: electricity can move heat and vehicles efficiently and is clean at the point of consumption. Variable renewable energy sources are those that have a fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power. In contrast, controllable renewable energy sources include dammed hydroelectricity, bioenergy, or geothermal power.
Wind · The RETScreen Clean Energy Management Software is a software package developed by the Government of Canada. RETScreen Expert was highlighted at the 2016 Clean Energy Ministerial held in San Francisco. The Government of Canada's Treasury Board Secretariat uses RETScreen Expert as its greenhouse gas reporting tool for all federal departments and agencies required to report emissions.
Hydrogen · A reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) is a solid-state electrochemical device that is operated alternatively as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC). Similarly to SOFCs, rSOCs are made of a dense electrolyte sandwiched between two porous electrodes. Their operating temperature ranges from 600 °C to 900 °C, hence they benefit from enhanced kinetics of the reactions and increased efficiency with respect to low-temperature electrochemical technologies.
EV · Riese & Müller is a bicycle manufacturer in Mühltal, Germany. Founded by Markus Riese and Heiko Müller, it designs and makes suspended bicycles. Frames are produced by companies such as Triangle's, Portugal. All of their bikes are assembled by hand in Germany.
Wind · A rigid kite for airborne wind energy (AWE), also called a rigid-wing or fixed-wing airborne wind energy system, is a tethered, aircraft-like wing that is flown autonomously in fast crosswind loops or figure-of-eight patterns to harvest wind energy at altitudes that are generally inaccessible to conventional tower-mounted wind turbines at fraction of total material usage. Unlike soft-wing (fabric) kites, rigid kites are built from stiff materials such as fibre-reinforced composites. The rigid construction gives them substantially higher lift-to-drag ratios than soft wings, allows precise aerodynamic control using conventional control surfaces, and makes it possible to mount wind turbines directly on the wing. The theoretical basis for crosswind power generation was established by Miles L. Loyd, who showed in 1980 that a tethered wing flying crosswind can generate far more power than a wing held stationary in the wind: because the wing's airspeed greatly exceeds the ambient wind speed, the aerodynamic force it produces is comparatively very large. In Loyd's idealized analysis the available power grows with the cube of the wind speed and with the square of the wing's lift-to-drag ratio, which strongly favours aerodynamically efficient rigid wings.
Hydrogen · The Scandinavian hydrogen highway partnership is a collaboration started in June 2006 to connect the regional hydrogen infrastructure: Hydrogen Link (Denmark), Hyfuture (Sweden) and Hynor (Norway).
Solar · The scaphe was a sundial said to have been invented by Aristarchus of Samos. There are no original works still in existence by Aristarchus, but the adjacent picture is an image of what it might have looked like; only his would have been made of stone. It consisted of a hemispherical bowl which had a vertical gnomon placed inside it, with the top of the gnomon level with the edge of the bowl. Twelve gradations inscribed perpendicular to the hemisphere indicated the hour of the day.
Solar · Seasonal thermal energy storage (STES), also known as inter-seasonal thermal energy storage, is the storage of heat or cold for periods of up to several months. The thermal energy can be collected whenever it is available and be used whenever needed, such as in the opposing season. For example, heat from solar collectors or waste heat from air conditioning equipment can be gathered in hot months for space heating use when needed, including during winter months. Waste heat from industrial process can similarly be stored and be used much later or the natural cold of winter air can be stored for summertime air conditioning.
Wind · SeaTwirl is a vertical floating wind turbine that was tested off the west coast of Sweden in 2011. It is also the name of the company that produces the turbine.
Solar · Smog towers or smog free towers are structures designed as large-scale air purifiers to reduce air pollution particles (smog). This approach to the problem of urban air pollution involves air filtration and removal of suspended mechanical particulates such as soot and requires energy or power. Another approach is to remove urban air pollution by a chimney effect in a tall stack or updraft tower, which may be either filtered or released at altitude as with a solar updraft tower and which may not require operating energy beyond what may be produced by the updraft.
Battery · A sodium-ion battery (NIB, SIB, or Na-ion battery) is a rechargeable battery that uses sodium ions (Na+) as charge carriers. In some cases, its working principle and cell construction are similar to those of lithium-ion battery (LIB) types, by replacing lithium with sodium as the intercalating ion. Sodium belongs to the same group in the periodic table as lithium and thus has similar chemical properties. However, designs such as aqueous batteries are quite different from LIBs.
Solar · Soiling is the accumulation of material on light-collecting surfaces in solar power systems. The accumulated material blocks or scatters incident light, which leads to a loss in power output. Typical soiling materials include mineral dust, bird droppings, fungi, lichen, pollen, engine exhaust, and agricultural emissions. Soiling affects conventional photovoltaic systems, concentrated photovoltaics, and concentrated solar (thermal) power. However, the consequences of soiling are higher for concentrating systems than for non-concentrating systems. Note that soiling refers to both the process of accumulation and the accumulated material itself.
EV · A solar bus or solar-charged bus is a bus that is powered exclusively or mainly by solar energy. Solar-powered bus service is referred to as a solar bus service. The use of the term "solar bus" normally implies that solar energy is used not only for powering electric equipment on the bus, but also for the propulsion of the vehicle.
Solar · The solar camera, or solar enlarger, is an ancestor of the darkroom enlarger, and was used in the mid-to-late 19th century to make photographic enlargements from negatives.
Solar · A solar canal is a canal fitted with solar panels, increasing their efficiency, and reducing evaporation and land usage. The first operative system was installed in Gujarat, India in 2014.
Solar · Solar canopies are solar arrays installed on canopies, which could be a parking lot canopy, carport, gazebo, Pergola, or patio cover.
Solar · A solar combisystem provides both solar space heating and cooling as well as hot water from a common array of solar thermal collectors, usually backed up by an auxiliary non-solar heat source.
Solar · The Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF) is a non-profit organization whose mission is to design, fund and implement solar energy solutions to benefit those in poor rural communities without access to an electrical grid. This allows students to study at night and brings computers and Internet into schools. It makes it possible to bring in water for irrigation without having to hand-carry it long distances, allowing women to spend their time on money-earning enterprises. Access to electricity and water improves health care. SELF has completed several projects in more than 20 countries including a solar powered drip irrigation in Benin, a health care center in Haiti, telemedicine in the Amazon rainforest, online learning platform in South Africa, and a microenterprise development in Nigeria.
Solar · The Solar Electricity Handbook is a yearbook written by eco-technology author Michael Boxwell. It is a beginners technical manual for people looking to learn about solar energy and how to generate electricity from photovoltaic panels.
Solar · AORA's Solar Flower Tower is a hybrid power generator that utilizes solar and alternative fuels, including diesel fuel, natural gas, liquefied natural gas, biogas, and other biofuels, to provide a constant green power source targeted for community-sized production. A module, dubbed the Solar Flower Tower because it looks like a golden yellow tulip, creates about 100 kW of electricity. The basis of the design is to use solar heated compressed air to spin a micro turbine. What makes the micro turbine unique is the efficiency of smaller power blocks, which allows small-scale construction, meaning simpler operation and less land needed.
Solar · A solar landfill, also referred to as a brightfield, is a former landfill site that has been transformed into a solar array or solar farm. Landfills that are no longer in use are often called brownfields due to potential environmental concerns. By repurposing these brownfields into solar fields, they then become brightfields. In the United States, there are more than 10,000 closed or inactive landfills, which have the potential to accommodate over 60 gigawatts of solar installations.
Solar · A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight into electricity by using multiple solar modules that consists of photovoltaic (PV) cells. PV cells are made of materials that produce excited electrons when exposed to light. These electrons flow through a circuit and produce direct current electricity, which can be used to power various devices or be stored in batteries. Solar panels can be known as solar cell panels, or solar electric panels.
Solar · Solar power, also known as solar electricity, is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Solar panels use the photovoltaic effect to convert light into an electric current. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and solar tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight to a hot spot, often to drive a steam turbine.
Solar · Solar energy is widely available in Armenia due to its geographical position and is considered a developing industry. In 2022 less than 2% of Armenia's electricity was generated by solar power.
EV · Solaris Urbino is a series of low-floor buses and low-entry doorway intercity buses, powered by diesel drive engines and alternative fuel, produced by the Polish company Solaris Bus & Coach in Bolechowo near Poznań in Poland. Currently produced models are of the fourth generation, and by 2019 the production will start for the fifth.
EV · The Solaris Urbino 12 electric is an electric version of the Solaris Urbino 12 low-floor transit bus series first unveiled in 2012. It has been in production since 2013, and in 2016, it was awarded the title of Bus of the Year 2017.
EV · Solaris Urbino 18 electric is a low-floor, articulated city bus of the MEGA class, with an electric driveline, manufactured since 2014 by Polish producer Solaris Bus & Coach in Bolechowo-Osiedle near Poznań. It is a member of the Solaris Urbino city bus family.
EV · Solaris Urbino 8,9 LE electric is a low-entry electric city bus, that debuted in autumn 2011. It was produced by the company Solaris Bus & Coach S.A. from Bolechowo near Poznań. Its design is based on the Solaris Urbino 8,9 LE. It was the first electric bus manufactured in Poland. In Poland, it is in use in Ostrołęka, Kraków, Jaworzno, Ciechanów, Chodzież, Września, Katowice and Stalowa Wola.
Wind · SolidSail, sometimes referred to as Solid Sail or SolidSail Mast Factory (SMAF) in reference to the eponymous subsidiary, is a wind propulsion technology designed for large vessels, developed by Chantiers de l'Atlantique in Saint-Nazaire, France. This system is based on rigid sails made of composite materials and a tilting gaff rigging, enabling hybrid or primary wind propulsion for commercial and cruise ships. It is also the name of the subsidiary created by Chantiers de l'Atlantique in 2023.
Battery · A solid-state battery (SSB) is an electrical battery that uses a solid electrolyte to conduct ions between the electrodes, instead of the liquid or gel polymer electrolytes found in conventional batteries. Theoretically, solid-state batteries offer much higher energy density than the typical lithium-ion or lithium polymer batteries.
Hydrogen · In lossless power transmission, a supergrid with hydrogen is an idea for combining very long distance electric power transmission with liquid hydrogen distribution, to achieve superconductivity in the cables. The hydrogen is both a distributed fuel and a cryogenic coolant for the power lines, rendering them superconducting. The concept's advocates describe it as being in a "visionary" stage, for which no new scientific breakthrough is required but which requires major technological innovations before it could progress to a practical system. A system for the United States is projected to require "several decades" before it could be fully implemented.
EV · Superpedestrian Inc., is a transportation robotics company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, that developed electrified and AI technologies for micro mobility vehicles. The company ran the LINK e-scooter sharing program, which was active in 57 cities across the US and Europe.
Climate · Sustainable transport is transportation sustainable in terms of its social and environmental impacts. Components for evaluating sustainability include the particular vehicles used; the source of energy; and the infrastructure used to accommodate the transport (streets and roads, railways, airways, waterways and canals). Transportation sustainability is largely being measured by transportation system effectiveness, efficiency, and the environmental and climate impacts of the system. Transport systems have significant impacts on the environment. In 2018, it contributed to around 20% of global CO2 emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from transport are increasing at a faster rate than any other energy using sector.
EV · The Switch E1 is a low-floor single-decker electric bus produced by Switch Mobility since 2022. The E1 is the first vehicle to be introduced by Switch Mobility since their rebranding from Optare, and replaces the discontinued Optare Tempo SR and Optare Versa in their product range.
EV · The Switch Metrocity is an integral midibus manufactured by Switch Mobility since 2013. Originally aimed at the London market, the Metrocity is based on the Optare Versa which was introduced in 2009. In the UK market, longer variants of the Metrocity have replaced the Optare Tempo SR. As at August 2018, over 250 had been built.
Wind · TECO Electric & Machinery Co. is a Taiwanese company specializing in the manufacture of industrial electric motors. The company also manufactures and installs various electrical and mechanical equipments such as telecommunication equipment and home appliances.
Wind · Tethys is an online knowledge management system that provides the marine renewable energy (MRE) and wind energy communities with access to information and scientific literature on the environmental effects of devices. Named after the Greek titaness of the sea, the goal of the Tethys database is to promote environmental stewardship and the advancement of the wind and marine renewable energy communities. The website has been developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in support of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Water Power Technologies Office and Wind Energy Technologies Office. Tethys hosts information and activities associated with two international collaborations known as OES-Environmental and WREN, formed to examine the environmental effects of marine renewable energy projects and wind energy projects, respectively.
Hydrogen · The Hype About Hydrogen: Fact and Fiction in the Race to Save the Climate is a book by Joseph J. Romm, published in 2004 by Island Press and updated in 2025. The book has been translated into German as Der Wasserstoff-Boom. Romm is an expert on clean energy, advanced vehicles, energy security, and greenhouse gas mitigation.
Solar · The Open Solar Outdoors Test Field (OSOTF) is a project organized under open-source principles, which is a fully grid-connected test system that continuously monitors the output of many solar photovoltaic modules and correlates their performance to a long list of highly accurate meteorological readings.
EV · The Toyota FC Bus is a transit bus with an electric motor powered by hydrogen fuel cells produced by Toyota, developed in cooperation with Hino Motors. The bus uses components originally developed for the Toyota Mirai, a mid-size fuel cell sedan.
EV · The Toyota Sora is a transit bus with an electric motor powered by hydrogen fuel cells produced by Toyota, developed in cooperation with Hino Motors. The bus uses components originally developed for the Toyota Mirai, a mid-size fuel cell sedan. The name Sora is an abbreviation of the words Sky, Ocean, River and Air and refers to the water cycle.
Wind · Trillium Power Wind 1 (TPW1) is a proposed 350 to 400 megawatt (MW) far-offshore wind farm in the Canadian waters of northeastern Lake Ontario at least 17 to 28 km from the nearest mainland. This renewable energy project is being developed by Trillium Power Wind Corporation, a privately held, Canadian-owned company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. The project was suspended by the Ontario government on February 11, 2011 at exactly the same hour that Trillium Power was completing a $26 Million financing. Due to its advanced development status TPW1 would have been the first offshore wind farm built in the Great Lakes.
Wind · The tripod or jacket is a type of foundation for offshore wind turbines. The tripod is generally more expensive than other types of foundation. However, for large turbines and higher water depth, the cost disadvantage might be compensated when durability is also taken into account.
EV · A trolleybus is an electric bus that draws power from dual overhead lines using spring-loaded or pneumatically raised trolley poles. Two wires, and two trolley poles, are required to complete the electrical circuit. This differs from a tram or streetcar, which normally uses the track as the return path, needing only one wire and one pole. They are also distinct from other kinds of electric buses, which usually rely on batteries. Power is most commonly supplied as 600-volt direct current in older systems and 750-volts in newer systems, but there are exceptions.
EV · Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) describes a system in which plug-in electric vehicles (PIEVs) sell demand response services to the electrical grid. Such services are either backfeeding electricity to the grid, or reducing the rate of charge from the grid at different times of the day. Demand services reduce demand peaks for grid supply, and hence reduce the probability of disruption from load variations. Vehicle-to-load (V2L) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) are related concepts, but the AC phase is not synchronised with the grid, so the power is only available to "off-grid" loads.
EV · VéloSoleX is a moped, or motorised bicycle, usually just referred to as 'Solex', which was originally produced by the French manufacturer Solex, based in Courbevoie near Paris, France. The company manufactured centrifugal fans for car radiators, carburetors, and micrometers before branching into assist motors and bicycles. The moped, originally created during World War II and mass-produced between 1946 and 1988, came in various iterations, while keeping the same concept of a motor with a roller resting on the front wheel of a bicycle.
EV · VinBus Ecology Transport Services LLC, is a Vietnamese privately operated non-profit bus route network service established by Vingroup in 2019 and the alternative branding for VinFast's electric bus series.
Wind · Wind power is the use of wind energy to generate useful work. Historically, wind power was used by sails, windmills and windpumps, but today it is mostly used to generate electricity. This article deals only with wind power for electricity generation. Today, wind power is generated almost completely using wind turbines, generally grouped into wind farms and connected to the electrical grid.
Wind · The wind power industry is involved with the design, manufacture, construction, and maintenance of wind turbines. The modern wind power industry began in 1979 with the serial production of wind turbines by Danish manufacturers. The industry is undergoing a period of rapid globalization and consolidation.
Wind · A wind turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. As of 2024, hundreds of thousands of large turbines, in installations known as wind farms, were generating over 1,136 gigawatts of power, with 117 GW added each year. Wind turbines are an increasingly important source of intermittent renewable energy, and are used in many countries to lower energy costs and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. One study claimed that, as of 2009, wind had the "lowest relative greenhouse gas emissions, the least water consumption demands and the most favorable social impacts" compared to photovoltaic, hydro, geothermal, coal and gas energy sources.
EV · Woojin Apollo is a South Korean electric bus and rolling stock manufacturer Woojin Industrial Systems' plug-in electric low-floor bus series. It was first unveiled at the 2017 Daegu International Future Auto Expo held at EXCO in Daegu, and is produced at the Ochang Plant in Cheongju, North Chungcheong Province.
EV · The Wright StreetAir is a low-floor single-decker electric bus design built by Wrightbus in Ballymena, Northern Ireland in 2016 and 17. An integral product based on a single-deck variant of the Wright StreetDeck chassis, the StreetAir replaces the Wright Electrocity in Wrightbus' product range.